aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffhomepage
path: root/patches/server/0969-General-ItemMeta-fixes.patch
blob: f9c8fb01edcdfd9162e0e42aa0503a6dbdf73c40 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jake Potrebic <jake.m.potrebic@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Apr 2024 20:56:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] General ItemMeta fixes

== AT ==
private-f net/minecraft/world/item/ItemStack components
public net/minecraft/world/food/FoodProperties DEFAULT_EAT_SECONDS
public org/bukkit/craftbukkit/block/CraftBlockStates getBlockState(Lorg/bukkit/World;Lnet/minecraft/core/BlockPos;Lnet/minecraft/world/level/block/state/BlockState;Lnet/minecraft/world/level/block/entity/BlockEntity;)Lorg/bukkit/craftbukkit/block/CraftBlockState;
public net/minecraft/world/level/block/entity/BlockEntity saveId(Lnet/minecraft/nbt/CompoundTag;)V

Co-authored-by: GhastCraftHD <julius.gruenberg@leghast.de>

diff --git a/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/item/ItemStack.java b/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/item/ItemStack.java
index fa4bdf8bdbd6eaeb854e62a2acb45d7998e4aa2b..8309d2f7872ccdbc9d76f0fbf481411f74080148 100644
--- a/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/item/ItemStack.java
+++ b/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/item/ItemStack.java
@@ -1275,6 +1275,11 @@ public final class ItemStack implements DataComponentHolder {
     public void setItem(Item item) {
         this.bukkitStack = null; // Paper
         this.item = item;
+        // Paper start - change base component prototype
+        final DataComponentPatch patch = this.getComponentsPatch();
+        this.components = new PatchedDataComponentMap(this.item.components());
+        this.applyComponents(patch);
+        // Paper end - change base component prototype
     }
     // CraftBukkit end
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/level/block/entity/BlockEntity.java b/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/level/block/entity/BlockEntity.java
index 6207c6063cd11ccb1177fe7016c49c02a3416990..cd3b952a228c09077c2e74183a34ddb32811280b 100644
--- a/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/level/block/entity/BlockEntity.java
+++ b/src/main/java/net/minecraft/world/level/block/entity/BlockEntity.java
@@ -139,6 +139,11 @@ public abstract class BlockEntity {
         CompoundTag nbttagcompound = new CompoundTag();
 
         this.saveAdditional(nbttagcompound, registryLookup);
+        // Paper start - store PDC here as well
+        if (this.persistentDataContainer != null && !this.persistentDataContainer.isEmpty()) {
+            nbttagcompound.put("PublicBukkitValues", this.persistentDataContainer.toTagCompound());
+        }
+        // Paper end
         return nbttagcompound;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/block/CraftBlockEntityState.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/block/CraftBlockEntityState.java
index e28bc898786542f695017ff0a036676840eb79fe..cee3fe00cc662f095e7d726b5f1a913cd8199210 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/block/CraftBlockEntityState.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/block/CraftBlockEntityState.java
@@ -135,6 +135,19 @@ public abstract class CraftBlockEntityState<T extends BlockEntity> extends Craft
         return nbt;
     }
 
+    // Paper start - properly save blockentity itemstacks
+    public CompoundTag getSnapshotCustomNbtOnly() {
+        this.applyTo(this.snapshot);
+        final CompoundTag nbt = this.snapshot.saveCustomOnly(this.getRegistryAccess());
+        this.snapshot.removeComponentsFromTag(nbt);
+        if (!nbt.isEmpty()) {
+            // have to include the "id" if it's going to have block entity data
+            this.snapshot.saveId(nbt);
+        }
+        return nbt;
+    }
+    // Paper end
+
     // copies the data of the given tile entity to this block state
     protected void load(T tileEntity) {
         if (tileEntity != null && tileEntity != this.snapshot) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftItemStack.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftItemStack.java
index 25096ca7b30483fc9549502caf8b989506405457..369d43f911289b670dcef3b7af3dce73273d95ab 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftItemStack.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftItemStack.java
@@ -339,7 +339,14 @@ public final class CraftItemStack extends ItemStack {
     // Paper end - improve handled tags on type change
     // Paper start
     public static void applyMetaToItem(net.minecraft.world.item.ItemStack itemStack, ItemMeta itemMeta) {
-        final CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+        // Paper start - support updating profile after resolving it
+        final CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {
+            @Override
+            void skullCallback(final com.mojang.authlib.GameProfile gameProfile) {
+                itemStack.set(DataComponents.PROFILE, new net.minecraft.world.item.component.ResolvableProfile(gameProfile));
+            }
+        };
+        // Paper end - support updating profile after resolving it
         ((CraftMetaItem) itemMeta).applyToItem(tag);
         itemStack.applyComponents(tag.build());
     }
@@ -387,15 +394,20 @@ public final class CraftItemStack extends ItemStack {
         if (itemMeta == null) return true;
 
         if (!((CraftMetaItem) itemMeta).isEmpty()) {
-            CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+            // Paper start - support updating profile after resolving it
+            CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {
+                @Override
+                void skullCallback(final com.mojang.authlib.GameProfile gameProfile) {
+                    item.set(DataComponents.PROFILE, new net.minecraft.world.item.component.ResolvableProfile(gameProfile));
+                }
+            };
+            // Paper end - support updating profile after resolving it
 
             ((CraftMetaItem) itemMeta).applyToItem(tag);
-            item.restorePatch(tag.build());
-        }
-        // SpigotCraft#463 this is required now by the Vanilla client, so mimic ItemStack constructor in ensuring it
-        if (item.getItem() != null && item.getMaxDamage() > 0) {
-            item.setDamageValue(item.getDamageValue());
+            item.restorePatch(DataComponentPatch.EMPTY); // Paper - properly apply the new patch from itemmeta
+            item.applyComponents(tag.build()); // Paper - properly apply the new patch from itemmeta
         }
+        // Paper - this is no longer needed
 
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaAxolotlBucket.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaAxolotlBucket.java
index 169fefb64e1af444f7c2efb1234cb6e7779fb717..cb49ff5c94f33f00f626a31d958d2025819d1da8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaAxolotlBucket.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaAxolotlBucket.java
@@ -118,14 +118,13 @@ public class CraftMetaAxolotlBucket extends CraftMetaItem implements AxolotlBuck
 
     @Override
     public Axolotl.Variant getVariant() {
+        com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState(this.hasVariant(), "Variant is absent, check hasVariant first!"); // Paper - fix NPE
         return Axolotl.Variant.values()[this.variant];
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setVariant(Axolotl.Variant variant) {
-        if (variant == null) {
-            variant = Axolotl.Variant.LUCY;
-        }
+        com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument(variant != null, "Variant cannot be null!"); // Paper
         this.variant = variant.ordinal();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBanner.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBanner.java
index 1c17fb294d83d99ae657eff6a8a986bf72c6ec47..b9d6a4a8f78a0e26d888b6bfdff25c3a3ac17e48 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBanner.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBanner.java
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ public class CraftMetaBanner extends CraftMetaItem implements BannerMeta {
     void applyToItem(CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag) {
         super.applyToItem(tag);
 
+        if (this.patterns.isEmpty()) return; // Paper - don't write empty patterns
         List<BannerPatternLayers.Layer> newPatterns = new ArrayList<>();
 
         for (Pattern p : this.patterns) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBlockState.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBlockState.java
index d7e5491cc0296563fb9fdf28d64b21a10c08ea4a..224ea52574b80bb087c5c62eaf1d46261c1252af 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBlockState.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBlockState.java
@@ -50,9 +50,24 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
 
     @ItemMetaKey.Specific(ItemMetaKey.Specific.To.NBT)
     static final ItemMetaKeyType<CustomData> BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG = new ItemMetaKeyType<>(DataComponents.BLOCK_ENTITY_DATA, "BlockEntityTag");
+    static final ItemMetaKey BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG_CUSTOM_DATA = new ItemMetaKey("block-entity-tag"); // Paper
+    static final ItemMetaKey BLOCK_ENTITY_COMPONENTS = new ItemMetaKey("block-entity-components"); // Paper
 
     final Material material;
-    private CraftBlockEntityState<?> blockEntityTag;
+    // Paper start - store data separately
+    DataComponentMap components;
+    CustomData blockEntityTag;
+    {
+        // this is because the fields are possibly assigned in the super constructor (via deserializeInternal)
+        // and a direct field initialization happens **after** the super constructor. So we only want to
+        // set them to empty if they weren't assigned by the super constructor (via deserializeInternal)
+        this.components = this.components != null ? this.components : DataComponentMap.EMPTY;
+        this.blockEntityTag = this.blockEntityTag != null ? this.blockEntityTag : CustomData.EMPTY;
+    }
+    private Material materialForBlockEntityType() {
+        return (this.material != Material.SHIELD) ? this.material : CraftMetaBlockState.shieldToBannerHack();
+    }
+    // Paper end
     private CompoundTag internalTag;
 
     CraftMetaBlockState(CraftMetaItem meta, Material material) {
@@ -61,41 +76,61 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
 
         if (!(meta instanceof CraftMetaBlockState)
                 || ((CraftMetaBlockState) meta).material != material) {
-            this.blockEntityTag = null;
+            // Paper start
+            this.components = DataComponentMap.EMPTY;
+            this.blockEntityTag = CustomData.EMPTY;
+            // Paper end
             return;
         }
 
         CraftMetaBlockState te = (CraftMetaBlockState) meta;
+        // Paper start
+        this.components = te.components;
         this.blockEntityTag = te.blockEntityTag;
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     CraftMetaBlockState(DataComponentPatch tag, Material material, final Set<DataComponentType<?>> extraHandledDcts) { // Paper
         super(tag, extraHandledDcts); // Paper
         this.material = material;
 
+        // Paper start - move to separate method to be re-called
+        this.updateBlockState(tag);
+    }
+
+    private void updateBlockState(final DataComponentPatch tag) {
+        // Paper end
         getOrEmpty(tag, CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG).ifPresent((nbt) -> {
-            this.blockEntityTag = CraftMetaBlockState.getBlockState(material, nbt.copyTag());
+            this.blockEntityTag = nbt; // Paper
         });
 
         if (!tag.isEmpty()) {
-            CraftBlockEntityState<?> blockEntityTag = this.blockEntityTag;
-            if (blockEntityTag == null) {
-                blockEntityTag = CraftMetaBlockState.getBlockState(material, null);
-            }
-
-            // Convert to map
-            PatchedDataComponentMap map = new PatchedDataComponentMap(DataComponentMap.EMPTY);
-            map.applyPatch(tag);
-            // Apply
-            Set<DataComponentType<?>> applied = blockEntityTag.applyComponents(map, tag);
+            // Paper start - store data in a DataComponentMap to be used to construct CraftBlockEntityStates
+            final DataComponentMap.Builder map = DataComponentMap.builder();
+            final net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntity dummyBlockEntity = java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(
+                org.bukkit.craftbukkit.block.CraftBlockStates.createNewTileEntity(this.materialForBlockEntityType())
+            );
+
+            // we don't care about what's in here, all
+            // we want is to know which data component types are referenced
+            Set<DataComponentType<?>> applied = dummyBlockEntity.applyComponentsSet(DataComponentMap.EMPTY, DataComponentPatch.EMPTY);
+            // Paper end - store data in a DataComponentMap to be used to construct CraftBlockEntityStates
             // Mark applied components as handled
             for (DataComponentType<?> seen : applied) {
                 this.unhandledTags.clear(seen);
             }
             // Only set blockEntityTag if something was applied
             if (!applied.isEmpty()) {
-                this.blockEntityTag = blockEntityTag;
+                // Paper start
+                for (final DataComponentType type : applied) {
+                    if (CraftMetaItem.DEFAULT_HANDLED_DCTS.contains(type)) continue;
+                    getOrEmpty(tag, type).ifPresent(value -> {
+                        map.set(type, value);
+                    });
+                }
+                // Paper end
             }
+            this.components = map.build(); // Paper
         }
     }
 
@@ -108,7 +143,10 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
         } else {
             this.material = Material.AIR;
         }
-        this.blockEntityTag = CraftMetaBlockState.getBlockState(this.material, this.internalTag);
+        // Paper start
+        if (this.internalTag != null) { // legacy
+            this.setBlockState(CraftMetaBlockState.getBlockState(this.material, this.internalTag));
+        }
         this.internalTag = null;
     }
 
@@ -116,13 +154,21 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
     void applyToItem(CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag) {
         super.applyToItem(tag);
 
-        if (this.blockEntityTag != null) {
-            tag.put(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG, CustomData.of(this.blockEntityTag.getSnapshotNBTWithoutComponents()));
+        // Paper start - accurately replicate logic for creating ItemStack from BlockEntity
+        // taken from BlockEntity#saveToItem and BlockItem#setBlockEntityData
+        final CompoundTag nbt = this.blockEntityTag.copyTag();
+        if (nbt.contains("id", CraftMagicNumbers.NBT.TAG_STRING)) {
+            tag.put(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG, CustomData.of(nbt));
+        } else if (!nbt.isEmpty()) {
+            BlockEntity.addEntityType(nbt, java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(CraftBlockStates.getBlockEntityType(this.materialForBlockEntityType())));
+            tag.put(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG, CustomData.of(nbt));
+        }
 
-            for (TypedDataComponent<?> component : this.blockEntityTag.collectComponents()) {
-                tag.putIfAbsent(component);
-            }
+        for (final TypedDataComponent<?> component : this.components) {
+            if (CraftMetaItem.DEFAULT_HANDLED_DCTS.contains(component.type())) continue; // if the component type was already handled by CraftMetaItem, don't add it again
+            tag.builder.set(component);
         }
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -131,14 +177,29 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
 
         if (tag.contains(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG.NBT, CraftMagicNumbers.NBT.TAG_COMPOUND)) {
             this.internalTag = tag.getCompound(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG.NBT);
+            return; // Paper - if legacy, don't check anything else
+        }
+        // Paper start - new serialization format
+        if (tag.contains(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG_CUSTOM_DATA.NBT, CraftMagicNumbers.NBT.TAG_COMPOUND)) {
+            this.blockEntityTag = CustomData.of(tag.getCompound(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG_CUSTOM_DATA.NBT));
         }
+        if (tag.contains(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_COMPONENTS.NBT, CraftMagicNumbers.NBT.TAG_COMPOUND)) {
+            this.components = DataComponentMap.CODEC.parse(org.bukkit.craftbukkit.CraftRegistry.getMinecraftRegistry().createSerializationContext(net.minecraft.nbt.NbtOps.INSTANCE), tag.getCompound(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_COMPONENTS.NBT)).getOrThrow();
+        }
+        // Paper end - new serialization format
     }
 
     @Override
     void serializeInternal(final Map<String, Tag> internalTags) {
-        if (this.blockEntityTag != null) {
-            internalTags.put(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG.NBT, this.blockEntityTag.getSnapshotNBT());
+        // Paper start - new serialization format
+        if (!this.blockEntityTag.isEmpty()) {
+            internalTags.put(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG_CUSTOM_DATA.NBT, this.blockEntityTag.getUnsafe()); // unsafe because it's serialized right away
+        }
+        if (!this.components.isEmpty()) {
+            final Tag componentsTag = DataComponentMap.CODEC.encodeStart(org.bukkit.craftbukkit.CraftRegistry.getMinecraftRegistry().createSerializationContext(net.minecraft.nbt.NbtOps.INSTANCE), this.components).getOrThrow();
+            internalTags.put(CraftMetaBlockState.BLOCK_ENTITY_COMPONENTS.NBT, componentsTag);
         }
+        // Paper end - new serialization format
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -152,9 +213,10 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
     int applyHash() {
         final int original;
         int hash = original = super.applyHash();
-        if (this.blockEntityTag != null) {
-            hash = 61 * hash + this.blockEntityTag.hashCode();
-        }
+        // Paper start
+        hash = 61 * hash + this.blockEntityTag.hashCode();
+        hash = 61 * hash + this.components.hashCode();
+        // Paper end
         return original != hash ? CraftMetaBlockState.class.hashCode() ^ hash : hash;
     }
 
@@ -166,45 +228,71 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
         if (meta instanceof CraftMetaBlockState) {
             CraftMetaBlockState that = (CraftMetaBlockState) meta;
 
-            return Objects.equal(this.blockEntityTag, that.blockEntityTag);
+            return Objects.equal(this.blockEntityTag, that.blockEntityTag) && Objects.equal(this.components, that.components); // Paper
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     @Override
     boolean notUncommon(CraftMetaItem meta) {
-        return super.notUncommon(meta) && (meta instanceof CraftMetaBlockState || this.blockEntityTag == null);
+        return super.notUncommon(meta) && (meta instanceof CraftMetaBlockState || (this.blockEntityTag.isEmpty() && this.components.isEmpty())); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
     boolean isEmpty() {
-        return super.isEmpty() && this.blockEntityTag == null;
+        return super.isEmpty() && this.blockEntityTag.isEmpty() && this.components.isEmpty(); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
     public CraftMetaBlockState clone() {
         CraftMetaBlockState meta = (CraftMetaBlockState) super.clone();
-        if (this.blockEntityTag != null) {
-            meta.blockEntityTag = this.blockEntityTag.copy();
-        }
+        // Paper start - no need for "clone" because they are essentially immutables
+        meta.blockEntityTag = this.blockEntityTag;
+        meta.components = this.components;
+        // Paper end
         return meta;
     }
 
     @Override
     public boolean hasBlockState() {
-        return this.blockEntityTag != null;
+        return !this.blockEntityTag.isEmpty() || !this.components.isEmpty(); // Paper
     }
 
     // Paper start - add method to clear block state
     @Override
     public void clearBlockState() {
-        this.blockEntityTag = null;
+        // Paper start
+        this.blockEntityTag = CustomData.EMPTY;
+        this.components = DataComponentMap.EMPTY;
+        // Paper end
     }
     // Paper end - add method to clear block state
 
     @Override
-    public BlockState getBlockState() {
-        return (this.blockEntityTag != null) ? this.blockEntityTag.copy() : CraftMetaBlockState.getBlockState(this.material, null);
+    // Paper start - create blockstate on-demand
+    public CraftBlockEntityState<?> getBlockState() {
+        BlockPos pos = BlockPos.ZERO;
+        final Material stateMaterial = this.materialForBlockEntityType();
+        if (!this.blockEntityTag.isEmpty()) {
+            // Paper "id" field is always present now
+            pos = BlockEntity.getPosFromTag(this.blockEntityTag.getUnsafe()); // unsafe is fine here, just querying
+        }
+        final net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntityType<?> type = java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(CraftBlockStates.getBlockEntityType(stateMaterial));
+        final net.minecraft.world.level.block.state.BlockState nmsBlockState = ((org.bukkit.craftbukkit.block.data.CraftBlockData) this.getBlockData(stateMaterial)).getState();
+        final net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntity blockEntity = java.util.Objects.requireNonNull(type.create(pos, nmsBlockState));
+        if (!this.blockEntityTag.isEmpty()) {
+            this.blockEntityTag.loadInto(blockEntity, org.bukkit.craftbukkit.CraftRegistry.getMinecraftRegistry());
+        }
+        final PatchedDataComponentMap patchedMap = new PatchedDataComponentMap(nmsBlockState.getBlock().asItem().components());
+        patchedMap.setAll(this.components);
+        final Applicator applicator = new Applicator() {};
+        super.applyToItem(applicator);
+        patchedMap.applyPatch(applicator.build());
+        blockEntity.applyComponents(nmsBlockState.getBlock().asItem().components(), patchedMap.asPatch());
+
+        // This is expected to always return a CraftBlockEntityState for the passed material:
+        return (CraftBlockEntityState<?>) CraftBlockStates.getBlockState(null, pos, nmsBlockState, blockEntity);
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     private static CraftBlockEntityState<?> getBlockState(Material material, CompoundTag blockEntityTag) {
@@ -234,7 +322,23 @@ public class CraftMetaBlockState extends CraftMetaItem implements BlockStateMeta
         Class<?> blockStateType = CraftBlockStates.getBlockStateType(stateMaterial);
         Preconditions.checkArgument(blockStateType == blockState.getClass() && blockState instanceof CraftBlockEntityState, "Invalid blockState for " + this.material);
 
-        this.blockEntityTag = (CraftBlockEntityState<?>) blockState;
+        // Paper start - when a new BlockState is set, the components from that block entity
+        // have to be used to update the fields on CraftMetaItem
+        final CraftBlockEntityState<?> craftBlockState = (CraftBlockEntityState<?>) blockState;
+        final CompoundTag data = craftBlockState.getSnapshotCustomNbtOnly();
+        final PatchedDataComponentMap patchedMap = new net.minecraft.core.component.PatchedDataComponentMap(craftBlockState.getHandle().getBlock().asItem().components());
+        final net.minecraft.core.component.DataComponentMap map = craftBlockState.collectComponents();
+        patchedMap.setAll(map);
+        if (!data.isEmpty()) {
+            patchedMap.set(BLOCK_ENTITY_TAG.TYPE, CustomData.of(data));
+        }
+        final DataComponentPatch patch = patchedMap.asPatch();
+        this.updateFromPatch(patch, null);
+        // we have to reset the fields because this should be like a "new" block entity is being used
+        this.blockEntityTag = CustomData.EMPTY;
+        this.components = DataComponentMap.EMPTY;
+        this.updateBlockState(patch);
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     private static Material shieldToBannerHack() {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBook.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBook.java
index e064af399dcae40b4f35aa993d356b1462f91d6c..27a275f324891e395bf3fd3038c0b9a724bbbf66 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBook.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBook.java
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public class CraftMetaBook extends CraftMetaItem implements BookMeta, WritableBo
     @ItemMetaKey.Specific(ItemMetaKey.Specific.To.NBT)
     static final ItemMetaKeyType<WritableBookContent> BOOK_CONTENT = new ItemMetaKeyType<>(DataComponents.WRITABLE_BOOK_CONTENT);
     static final ItemMetaKey BOOK_PAGES = new ItemMetaKey("pages");
-    static final int MAX_PAGES = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // SPIGOT-6911: Use Minecraft limits
+    static final int MAX_PAGES = WritableBookContent.MAX_PAGES; // SPIGOT-6911: Use Minecraft limits // Paper
     static final int MAX_PAGE_LENGTH = WritableBookContent.PAGE_EDIT_LENGTH; // SPIGOT-6911: Use Minecraft limits
 
     // We store the pages in their raw original text representation. See SPIGOT-5063, SPIGOT-5350, SPIGOT-3206
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBookSigned.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBookSigned.java
index 806c1cbee7c4e23eee38c8f400ec2d924c9a360c..d357c8ddf06aea99bac6b43c1e20d2e99f98d034 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBookSigned.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBookSigned.java
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@ public class CraftMetaBookSigned extends CraftMetaItem implements BookMeta {
     void applyToItem(CraftMetaItem.Applicator itemData) {
         super.applyToItem(itemData);
 
+        List<Filterable<Component>> list = new ArrayList<>(); // Paper - General ItemMeta Fixes
         if (this.pages != null) {
-            List<Filterable<Component>> list = new ArrayList<>();
             for (Component page : this.pages) {
                 list.add(Filterable.passThrough(page));
             }
-            itemData.put(CraftMetaBookSigned.BOOK_CONTENT, new WrittenBookContent(Filterable.from(FilteredText.passThrough(this.title)), this.author, this.generation, list, this.resolved));
         }
+        itemData.put(CraftMetaBookSigned.BOOK_CONTENT, new WrittenBookContent(Filterable.from(this.title == null ? FilteredText.EMPTY : FilteredText.passThrough(this.title)), this.author == null ? "" : this.author, this.generation, list, this.resolved)); // Paper - General ItemMeta Fixes
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBundle.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBundle.java
index 2736a87a6c481da0575e6e29ea08faa539c24378..51da0db4da3549efd69f367e28450408968fa8d0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBundle.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaBundle.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class CraftMetaBundle extends CraftMetaItem implements BundleMeta {
             bundle.items().forEach((item) -> {
                 ItemStack itemStack = CraftItemStack.asCraftMirror(item);
 
-                if (!itemStack.getType().isAir()) { // SPIGOT-7174 - Avoid adding air
+                if (!itemStack.isEmpty()) { // SPIGOT-7174 - Avoid adding air // Paper
                     this.addItem(itemStack);
                 }
             });
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public class CraftMetaBundle extends CraftMetaItem implements BundleMeta {
         Iterable<?> items = SerializableMeta.getObject(Iterable.class, map, CraftMetaBundle.ITEMS.BUKKIT, true);
         if (items != null) {
             for (Object stack : items) {
-                if (stack instanceof ItemStack itemStack && !itemStack.getType().isAir()) { // SPIGOT-7174 - Avoid adding air
+                if (stack instanceof ItemStack itemStack && !itemStack.isEmpty()) { // SPIGOT-7174 - Avoid adding air // Paper
                     this.addItem(itemStack);
                 }
             }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public class CraftMetaBundle extends CraftMetaItem implements BundleMeta {
 
     @Override
     public void addItem(ItemStack item) {
-        Preconditions.checkArgument(item != null && !item.getType().isAir(), "item is null or air");
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(item != null && !item.isEmpty(), "item is null or empty"); // Paper
 
         if (this.items == null) {
             this.items = new ArrayList<>();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaColorableArmor.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaColorableArmor.java
index 6517ec4933b0eae761fceb117ea1db175755d0b1..299f2f4f143f753f3cd8a020c8e6ae46298e0f6f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaColorableArmor.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaColorableArmor.java
@@ -11,16 +11,30 @@ import org.bukkit.inventory.meta.ColorableArmorMeta;
 @DelegateDeserialization(SerializableMeta.class)
 public class CraftMetaColorableArmor extends CraftMetaArmor implements ColorableArmorMeta {
 
-    private Color color = DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR;
+    private Integer color; // Paper - keep color component consistent with vanilla (top byte is ignored)
 
     CraftMetaColorableArmor(CraftMetaItem meta) {
         super(meta);
-        CraftMetaLeatherArmor.readColor(this, meta);
+        // Paper start
+        if (!(meta instanceof CraftMetaColorableArmor armorMeta)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.color = armorMeta.color;
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     CraftMetaColorableArmor(DataComponentPatch tag, java.util.Set<net.minecraft.core.component.DataComponentType<?>> extraHandledDcts) { // Paper
         super(tag, extraHandledDcts); // Paper
-        CraftMetaLeatherArmor.readColor(this, tag);
+        // Paper start
+        getOrEmpty(tag, CraftMetaLeatherArmor.COLOR).ifPresent((dyedItemColor) -> {
+            if (!dyedItemColor.showInTooltip()) {
+                this.addItemFlags(org.bukkit.inventory.ItemFlag.HIDE_DYE);
+            }
+
+            this.color = dyedItemColor.rgb();
+        });
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     CraftMetaColorableArmor(Map<String, Object> map) {
@@ -31,7 +45,11 @@ public class CraftMetaColorableArmor extends CraftMetaArmor implements Colorable
     @Override
     void applyToItem(CraftMetaItem.Applicator itemTag) {
         super.applyToItem(itemTag);
-        CraftMetaLeatherArmor.applyColor(this, itemTag);
+        // Paper start
+        if (this.hasColor()) {
+            itemTag.put(CraftMetaLeatherArmor.COLOR, new net.minecraft.world.item.component.DyedItemColor(this.color, !this.hasItemFlag(org.bukkit.inventory.ItemFlag.HIDE_DYE)));
+        }
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -52,16 +70,16 @@ public class CraftMetaColorableArmor extends CraftMetaArmor implements Colorable
 
     @Override
     public Color getColor() {
-        return this.color;
+        return this.color == null ? DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR : Color.fromRGB(this.color & 0xFFFFFF); // Paper - this should really be nullable
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setColor(Color color) {
-        this.color = color == null ? DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR : color;
+        this.color = color == null ? null : color.asRGB(); // Paper
     }
 
     boolean hasColor() {
-        return CraftMetaLeatherArmor.hasColor(this);
+        return this.color != null; // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -81,7 +99,7 @@ public class CraftMetaColorableArmor extends CraftMetaArmor implements Colorable
         if (meta instanceof CraftMetaColorableArmor) {
             CraftMetaColorableArmor that = (CraftMetaColorableArmor) meta;
 
-            return this.color.equals(that.color);
+            return this.hasColor() ? that.hasColor() && this.color.equals(that.color) : !that.hasColor(); // Paper - allow null
         }
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCompass.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCompass.java
index 69a112b3a9726966aecbe687d905fd1a11cfa1e3..6362df65424e53098701b8d54c74b5905648b78a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCompass.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCompass.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public class CraftMetaCompass extends CraftMetaItem implements CompassMeta {
     private int lodestoneX;
     private int lodestoneY;
     private int lodestoneZ;
-    private boolean tracked = true;
+    private Boolean tracked = null; // Paper - tri-state
 
     CraftMetaCompass(CraftMetaItem meta) {
         super(meta);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ public class CraftMetaCompass extends CraftMetaItem implements CompassMeta {
                 this.setLodestone(lodestone);
             }
         }
-        this.tracked = SerializableMeta.getBoolean(map, CraftMetaCompass.LODESTONE_TRACKED.BUKKIT);
+        this.tracked = SerializableMeta.getObjectOptionally(Boolean.class, map, CraftMetaCompass.LODESTONE_TRACKED.BUKKIT, true).orElse(null); // Paper - tri-state
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ public class CraftMetaCompass extends CraftMetaItem implements CompassMeta {
     }
 
     boolean hasLodestoneTracked() {
-        return !this.tracked;
+        return this.tracked != null; // Paper - tri-state
     }
 
     @Override
     public boolean isLodestoneTracked() {
-        return this.tracked;
+        return this.tracked != null && this.tracked; // Paper - tri-state
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCrossbow.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCrossbow.java
index 0807c2172c5a4bee675cef265a45a9350e98b880..88ea260fb84a5f8eaab3a23a9a65d0411215a6a1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCrossbow.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaCrossbow.java
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public class CraftMetaCrossbow extends CraftMetaItem implements CrossbowMeta {
     @Override
     public void addChargedProjectile(ItemStack item) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(item != null, "item");
-        Preconditions.checkArgument(item.getType() == Material.FIREWORK_ROCKET || CraftItemType.bukkitToMinecraft(item.getType()) instanceof ArrowItem, "Item %s is not an arrow or firework rocket", item);
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(!item.isEmpty(), "Item cannot be empty"); // Paper
 
         if (this.chargedProjectiles == null) {
             this.chargedProjectiles = new ArrayList<>();
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaEntityTag.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaEntityTag.java
index 3f6c5cbbf63631e4b72dc43558651ea94f31ca78..da474a5b963d8e6769d120e9091e60ed0a468a9f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaEntityTag.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaEntityTag.java
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public class CraftMetaEntityTag extends CraftMetaItem {
         if (meta instanceof CraftMetaEntityTag) {
             CraftMetaEntityTag that = (CraftMetaEntityTag) meta;
 
-            return this.entityTag != null ? that.entityTag != null && this.entityTag.equals(that.entityTag) : this.entityTag == null;
+            return this.entityTag != null ? that.entityTag != null && this.entityTag.equals(that.entityTag) : that.entityTag == null; // Paper
         }
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaFirework.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaFirework.java
index 9600b23666668d7d581e2920a4e03e59cc2339fb..0eceacbb096481d3bd31f5f99e964c88aea2e3fb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaFirework.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaFirework.java
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
 
         this.power = that.power;
 
-        if (that.hasEffects()) {
+        if (that.effects != null) { // Paper
             this.effects = new ArrayList<>(that.effects);
         }
     }
@@ -85,19 +85,14 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
                 .with(CraftMetaFirework.getEffectType(explosion.shape()));
 
         IntList colors = explosion.colors();
-        // People using buggy command generators specify a list rather than an int here, so recover with dummy data.
-        // Wrong: Colors: [1234]
-        // Right: Colors: [I;1234]
-        if (colors.isEmpty()) {
-            effect.withColor(Color.WHITE);
-        }
+        // Paper - this is no longer needed
 
         for (int color : colors) {
-            effect.withColor(Color.fromRGB(color));
+            effect.withColor(Color.fromRGB(color & 0xFFFFFF)); // Paper - try to keep color component consistent with vanilla (top byte is ignored), this will however change the color component for out of bound color
         }
 
         for (int color : explosion.fadeColors()) {
-            effect.withFade(Color.fromRGB(color));
+            effect.withFade(Color.fromRGB(color & 0xFFFFFF)); // Paper
         }
 
         return effect.build();
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
         }
 
         Iterable<?> effects = SerializableMeta.getObject(Iterable.class, map, CraftMetaFirework.EXPLOSIONS.BUKKIT, true);
-        this.safelyAddEffects(effects);
+        this.safelyAddEffects(effects, false); // Paper - limit firework effects
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -161,7 +156,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
         return !(this.effects == null || this.effects.isEmpty());
     }
 
-    void safelyAddEffects(Iterable<?> collection) {
+    void safelyAddEffects(Iterable<?> collection, final boolean throwOnOversize) { // Paper
         if (collection == null || (collection instanceof Collection && ((Collection<?>) collection).isEmpty())) {
             return;
         }
@@ -173,6 +168,15 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
 
         for (Object obj : collection) {
             Preconditions.checkArgument(obj instanceof FireworkEffect, "%s in %s is not a FireworkEffect", obj, collection);
+            // Paper start - limit firework effects
+            if (effects.size() + 1 > Fireworks.MAX_EXPLOSIONS) {
+                if (throwOnOversize) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have more than " + Fireworks.MAX_EXPLOSIONS + " firework effects");
+                } else {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            // Paper end - limit firework effects
             effects.add((FireworkEffect) obj);
         }
     }
@@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
     }
 
     boolean isFireworkEmpty() {
-        return !(this.hasEffects() || this.hasPower());
+        return !(this.effects != null || this.hasPower()); // Paper - empty effects list should stay on the item
     }
 
     boolean hasPower() {
@@ -230,7 +234,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
         if (meta instanceof CraftMetaFirework that) {
 
             return (this.hasPower() ? that.hasPower() && this.power == that.power : !that.hasPower())
-                    && (this.hasEffects() ? that.hasEffects() && this.effects.equals(that.effects) : !that.hasEffects());
+                    && (this.effects != null ? that.effects != null && this.effects.equals(that.effects) : that.effects == null); // Paper
         }
 
         return true;
@@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
         if (this.hasPower()) {
             hash = 61 * hash + this.power;
         }
-        if (this.hasEffects()) {
+        if (this.effects != null) { // Paper
             hash = 61 * hash + 13 * this.effects.hashCode();
         }
         return hash != original ? CraftMetaFirework.class.hashCode() ^ hash : hash;
@@ -258,7 +262,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
     Builder<String, Object> serialize(Builder<String, Object> builder) {
         super.serialize(builder);
 
-        if (this.hasEffects()) {
+        if (this.effects != null) { // Paper
             builder.put(CraftMetaFirework.EXPLOSIONS.BUKKIT, ImmutableList.copyOf(this.effects));
         }
 
@@ -283,6 +287,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
     @Override
     public void addEffect(FireworkEffect effect) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(effect != null, "FireworkEffect cannot be null");
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(this.effects == null || this.effects.size() + 1 <= Fireworks.MAX_EXPLOSIONS, "cannot have more than %s firework effects", Fireworks.MAX_EXPLOSIONS); // Paper - limit firework effects
         if (this.effects == null) {
             this.effects = new ArrayList<FireworkEffect>();
         }
@@ -292,6 +297,10 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
     @Override
     public void addEffects(FireworkEffect... effects) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(effects != null, "effects cannot be null");
+        // Paper start - limit firework effects
+        final int initialSize = this.effects == null ? 0 : this.effects.size();
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(initialSize + effects.length <= Fireworks.MAX_EXPLOSIONS, "Cannot have more than %s firework effects", Fireworks.MAX_EXPLOSIONS);
+        // Paper end - limit firework effects
         if (effects.length == 0) {
             return;
         }
@@ -310,7 +319,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
     @Override
     public void addEffects(Iterable<FireworkEffect> effects) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(effects != null, "effects cannot be null");
-        this.safelyAddEffects(effects);
+        this.safelyAddEffects(effects, true); // Paper - limit firework effects
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -345,7 +354,7 @@ class CraftMetaFirework extends CraftMetaItem implements FireworkMeta {
     @Override
     public void setPower(int power) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(power >= 0, "power cannot be less than zero: %s", power);
-        Preconditions.checkArgument(power < 0x80, "power cannot be more than 127: %s", power);
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(power <= 0xFF, "power cannot be more than 255: %s", power); // Paper - set correct limit
         this.power = power;
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaItem.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaItem.java
index 58da8cb19a8444c634cbc1f39e93503ca8e2ecab..20d0ca163242bb58369f0709f452ad3995dd8018 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaItem.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaItem.java
@@ -182,9 +182,10 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
         }
     }
 
-    static final class Applicator {
+    static abstract class Applicator { // Paper - support updating profile after resolving it
 
-        private final DataComponentPatch.Builder builder = DataComponentPatch.builder();
+        final DataComponentPatch.Builder builder = DataComponentPatch.builder(); // Paper - private -> package-private
+        void skullCallback(com.mojang.authlib.GameProfile gameProfile) {} // Paper - support updating profile after resolving it
 
         <T> Applicator put(ItemMetaKeyType<T> key, T value) {
             this.builder.set(key.TYPE, value);
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     private CraftFoodComponent food;
     private CraftToolComponent tool;
     private CraftJukeboxComponent jukebox;
-    private int damage;
+    private Integer damage; // Paper - may not be set
     private Integer maxDamage;
 
     private static final Set<DataComponentType> HANDLED_TAGS = Sets.newHashSet();
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
             this.enchantments = new EnchantmentMap(meta.enchantments); // Paper
         }
 
-        if (meta.hasAttributeModifiers()) {
+        if (meta.attributeModifiers != null) { // Paper
             this.attributeModifiers = LinkedHashMultimap.create(meta.attributeModifiers);
         }
 
@@ -347,6 +348,11 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     }
 
     CraftMetaItem(DataComponentPatch tag, Set<DataComponentType<?>> extraHandledTags) { // Paper - improve handled tags on type changes
+        // Paper start - properly support data components in BlockEntity
+        this.updateFromPatch(tag, extraHandledTags);
+    }
+    protected final void updateFromPatch(DataComponentPatch tag, Set<DataComponentType<?>> extraHandledTags) {
+        // Paper end - properly support data components in BlockEntity
         CraftMetaItem.getOrEmpty(tag, CraftMetaItem.NAME).ifPresent((component) -> {
             this.displayName = component;
         });
@@ -802,7 +808,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
         Map<?, ?> mods = SerializableMeta.getObject(Map.class, map, key.BUKKIT, true);
         Multimap<Attribute, AttributeModifier> result = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
         if (mods == null) {
-            return result;
+            return null; // Paper - null is different from an empty map
         }
 
         for (Object obj : mods.keySet()) {
@@ -905,7 +911,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
             itemTag.put(CraftMetaItem.JUKEBOX_PLAYABLE, this.jukebox.getHandle());
         }
 
-        if (this.hasDamage()) {
+        if (this.hasDamageValue()) { // Paper - preserve empty/0 damage
             itemTag.put(CraftMetaItem.DAMAGE, this.damage);
         }
 
@@ -970,10 +976,8 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     }
 
     void applyModifiers(Multimap<Attribute, AttributeModifier> modifiers, CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag) {
-        if (modifiers == null || modifiers.isEmpty()) {
-            if (this.hasItemFlag(ItemFlag.HIDE_ATTRIBUTES)) {
-                tag.put(CraftMetaItem.ATTRIBUTES, new ItemAttributeModifiers(Collections.emptyList(), false));
-            }
+        if (modifiers == null/* || modifiers.isEmpty()*/) { // Paper - empty modifiers has a specific meaning, they should still be saved
+            // Paper - don't save ItemFlag if the underlying data isn't present
             return;
         }
 
@@ -1010,7 +1014,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Overridden
     boolean isEmpty() {
-        return !(this.hasDisplayName() || this.hasItemName() || this.hasLocalizedName() || this.hasEnchants() || (this.lore != null) || this.hasCustomModelData() || this.hasBlockData() || this.hasRepairCost() || !this.unhandledTags.build().isEmpty() || !this.removedTags.isEmpty() || !this.persistentDataContainer.isEmpty() || this.hideFlag != 0 || this.isHideTooltip() || this.isUnbreakable() || this.hasEnchantmentGlintOverride() || this.isFireResistant() || this.hasMaxStackSize() || this.hasRarity() || this.hasFood() || this.hasTool() || this.hasDamage() || this.hasMaxDamage() || this.hasAttributeModifiers() || this.customTag != null || this.canPlaceOnPredicates != null || this.canBreakPredicates != null); // Paper
+        return !(this.hasDisplayName() || this.hasItemName() || this.hasLocalizedName() || this.hasEnchants() || (this.lore != null) || this.hasCustomModelData() || this.hasBlockData() || this.hasRepairCost() || !this.unhandledTags.build().isEmpty() || !this.removedTags.isEmpty() || !this.persistentDataContainer.isEmpty() || this.hideFlag != 0 || this.isHideTooltip() || this.isUnbreakable() || this.hasEnchantmentGlintOverride() || this.isFireResistant() || this.hasMaxStackSize() || this.hasRarity() || this.hasFood() || this.hasTool() || this.hasJukeboxPlayable() || this.hasDamageValue() || this.hasMaxDamage() || this.hasAttributeModifiers() || this.customTag != null || this.canPlaceOnPredicates != null || this.canBreakPredicates != null); // Paper
     }
 
     // Paper start
@@ -1106,6 +1110,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public void lore(final List<? extends net.kyori.adventure.text.Component> lore) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(lore == null || lore.size() <= ItemLore.MAX_LINES, "lore cannot have more than %s lines", ItemLore.MAX_LINES); // Paper - limit lore lines
         this.lore = lore != null ? io.papermc.paper.adventure.PaperAdventure.asVanilla(lore) : null;
     }
     // Paper end
@@ -1164,7 +1169,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     @Override
     public void removeEnchantments() {
         if (this.hasEnchants()) {
-            this.enchantments.clear();
+            this.enchantments = null; // Paper - Correctly clear enchantments
         }
     }
 
@@ -1230,6 +1235,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     // Paper end
     @Override
     public void setLore(List<String> lore) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(lore == null || lore.size() <= ItemLore.MAX_LINES, "lore cannot have more than %s lines", ItemLore.MAX_LINES); // Paper - limit lore lines
         if (lore == null || lore.isEmpty()) {
             this.lore = null;
         } else {
@@ -1245,6 +1251,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     // Paper start
     @Override
     public void setLoreComponents(List<net.md_5.bungee.api.chat.BaseComponent[]> lore) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(lore == null || lore.size() <= ItemLore.MAX_LINES, "lore cannot have more than %s lines", ItemLore.MAX_LINES); // Paper - limit lore lines
         if (lore == null) {
             this.lore = null;
         } else {
@@ -1386,7 +1393,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public FoodComponent getFood() {
-        return (this.hasFood()) ? new CraftFoodComponent(this.food) : new CraftFoodComponent(new FoodProperties(0, 0, false, 0, Optional.empty(), Collections.emptyList()));
+        return (this.hasFood()) ? new CraftFoodComponent(this.food) : new CraftFoodComponent(new FoodProperties(0, 0, false, FoodProperties.DEFAULT_EAT_SECONDS, Optional.empty(), Collections.emptyList())); // Paper - create a valid food properties
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -1442,7 +1449,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public Multimap<Attribute, AttributeModifier> getAttributeModifiers(@Nullable EquipmentSlot slot) {
-        this.checkAttributeList();
+        if (this.attributeModifiers == null) return LinkedHashMultimap.create(); // Paper - don't change the components
         SetMultimap<Attribute, AttributeModifier> result = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
         for (Map.Entry<Attribute, AttributeModifier> entry : this.attributeModifiers.entries()) {
             if (entry.getValue().getSlot() == null || entry.getValue().getSlot() == slot) {
@@ -1455,6 +1462,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     @Override
     public Collection<AttributeModifier> getAttributeModifiers(@Nonnull Attribute attribute) {
         Preconditions.checkNotNull(attribute, "Attribute cannot be null");
+        if (this.attributeModifiers == null) return null; // Paper - fix NPE
         return this.attributeModifiers.containsKey(attribute) ? ImmutableList.copyOf(this.attributeModifiers.get(attribute)) : null;
     }
 
@@ -1462,22 +1470,33 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     public boolean addAttributeModifier(@Nonnull Attribute attribute, @Nonnull AttributeModifier modifier) {
         Preconditions.checkNotNull(attribute, "Attribute cannot be null");
         Preconditions.checkNotNull(modifier, "AttributeModifier cannot be null");
-        this.checkAttributeList();
+        if (this.attributeModifiers != null) { // Paper
         for (Map.Entry<Attribute, AttributeModifier> entry : this.attributeModifiers.entries()) {
             Preconditions.checkArgument(!(entry.getValue().getKey().equals(modifier.getKey()) && entry.getKey() == attribute), "Cannot register AttributeModifier. Modifier is already applied! %s", modifier); // Paper - attribute modifiers with same namespaced key but on different attributes are fine
         }
+        } // Paper
+        this.checkAttributeList(); // Paper - moved down
         return this.attributeModifiers.put(attribute, modifier);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setAttributeModifiers(@Nullable Multimap<Attribute, AttributeModifier> attributeModifiers) {
-        if (attributeModifiers == null || attributeModifiers.isEmpty()) {
+        // Paper start - distinguish between null and empty
+        if (attributeModifiers == null) {
+            this.attributeModifiers = null;
+            return;
+        }
+        if (attributeModifiers.isEmpty()) {
+            // Paper end - distinguish between null and empty
             this.attributeModifiers = LinkedHashMultimap.create();
             return;
         }
 
-        this.checkAttributeList();
-        this.attributeModifiers.clear();
+        // Paper start - fix modifiers meta
+        if (this.attributeModifiers != null) {
+            this.attributeModifiers.clear();
+        }
+        // Paper end
 
         Iterator<Map.Entry<Attribute, AttributeModifier>> iterator = attributeModifiers.entries().iterator();
         while (iterator.hasNext()) {
@@ -1487,6 +1506,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
                 iterator.remove();
                 continue;
             }
+            this.checkAttributeList(); // Paper - moved down
             this.attributeModifiers.put(next.getKey(), next.getValue());
         }
     }
@@ -1494,13 +1514,13 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     @Override
     public boolean removeAttributeModifier(@Nonnull Attribute attribute) {
         Preconditions.checkNotNull(attribute, "Attribute cannot be null");
-        this.checkAttributeList();
+        if (this.attributeModifiers == null) return false; // Paper
         return !this.attributeModifiers.removeAll(attribute).isEmpty();
     }
 
     @Override
     public boolean removeAttributeModifier(@Nullable EquipmentSlot slot) {
-        this.checkAttributeList();
+        if (this.attributeModifiers == null) return false; // Paper
         int removed = 0;
         Iterator<Map.Entry<Attribute, AttributeModifier>> iter = this.attributeModifiers.entries().iterator();
 
@@ -1520,7 +1540,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     public boolean removeAttributeModifier(@Nonnull Attribute attribute, @Nonnull AttributeModifier modifier) {
         Preconditions.checkNotNull(attribute, "Attribute cannot be null");
         Preconditions.checkNotNull(modifier, "AttributeModifier cannot be null");
-        this.checkAttributeList();
+        if (this.attributeModifiers == null) return false; // Paper
         int removed = 0;
         Iterator<Map.Entry<Attribute, AttributeModifier>> iter = this.attributeModifiers.entries().iterator();
 
@@ -1542,7 +1562,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public String getAsString() {
-        CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+        CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {}; // Paper - support updating profile after resolving it
         this.applyToItem(tag);
         DataComponentPatch patch = tag.build();
         Tag nbt = DataComponentPatch.CODEC.encodeStart(MinecraftServer.getDefaultRegistryAccess().createSerializationContext(NbtOps.INSTANCE), patch).getOrThrow();
@@ -1551,7 +1571,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public String getAsComponentString() {
-        CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+        CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {}; // Paper
         this.applyToItem(tag);
         DataComponentPatch patch = tag.build();
 
@@ -1591,6 +1611,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
         if (first == null || second == null) {
             return false;
         }
+        if (first.isEmpty() && second.isEmpty()) return true; // Paper - empty modifiers are equivalent
         for (Map.Entry<Attribute, AttributeModifier> entry : first.entries()) {
             if (!second.containsEntry(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue())) {
                 return false;
@@ -1606,19 +1627,33 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public boolean hasDamage() {
-        return this.damage > 0;
+        return this.damage != null && this.damage > 0; // Paper - null check
     }
 
     @Override
     public int getDamage() {
-        return this.damage;
+        return this.damage == null ? 0 : this.damage; // Paper - null check
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setDamage(int damage) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(damage >= 0, "Damage cannot be negative"); // Paper
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(!this.hasMaxDamage() || damage <= this.maxDamage, "Damage cannot exceed max damage"); // Paper
         this.damage = damage;
     }
 
+    // Paper start - preserve empty/0 damage
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasDamageValue() {
+        return this.damage != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetDamage() {
+        this.damage = null;
+    }
+    // Paper end - preserve empty/0 damage
+
     @Override
     public boolean hasMaxDamage() {
         return this.maxDamage != null;
@@ -1632,6 +1667,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
 
     @Override
     public void setMaxDamage(Integer maxDamage) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(maxDamage == null || maxDamage > 0, "Max damage should be positive"); // Paper
         this.maxDamage = maxDamage;
     }
 
@@ -1663,7 +1699,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
                 && (this.hasCustomModelData() ? that.hasCustomModelData() && this.customModelData.equals(that.customModelData) : !that.hasCustomModelData())
                 && (this.hasBlockData() ? that.hasBlockData() && this.blockData.equals(that.blockData) : !that.hasBlockData())
                 && (this.hasRepairCost() ? that.hasRepairCost() && this.repairCost == that.repairCost : !that.hasRepairCost())
-                && (this.hasAttributeModifiers() ? that.hasAttributeModifiers() && CraftMetaItem.compareModifiers(this.attributeModifiers, that.attributeModifiers) : !that.hasAttributeModifiers())
+                && (this.attributeModifiers != null ? that.attributeModifiers != null && CraftMetaItem.compareModifiers(this.attributeModifiers, that.attributeModifiers) : that.attributeModifiers == null) // Paper - track only null modifiers
                 && (this.unhandledTags.equals(that.unhandledTags))
                 && (this.removedTags.equals(that.removedTags))
                 && (Objects.equals(this.customTag, that.customTag))
@@ -1678,7 +1714,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
                 && (this.hasFood() ? that.hasFood() && this.food.equals(that.food) : !that.hasFood())
                 && (this.hasTool() ? that.hasTool() && this.tool.equals(that.tool) : !that.hasTool())
                 && (this.hasJukeboxPlayable() ? that.hasJukeboxPlayable() && this.jukebox.equals(that.jukebox) : !that.hasJukeboxPlayable())
-                && (this.hasDamage() ? that.hasDamage() && this.damage == that.damage : !that.hasDamage())
+                && (Objects.equals(this.damage, that.damage)) // Paper - preserve empty/0 damage
                 && (this.hasMaxDamage() ? that.hasMaxDamage() && this.maxDamage.equals(that.maxDamage) : !that.hasMaxDamage())
                 && (this.canPlaceOnPredicates != null ? that.canPlaceOnPredicates != null && this.canPlaceOnPredicates.equals(that.canPlaceOnPredicates) : that.canPlaceOnPredicates == null) // Paper
                 && (this.canBreakPredicates != null ? that.canBreakPredicates != null && this.canBreakPredicates.equals(that.canBreakPredicates) : that.canBreakPredicates == null) // Paper
@@ -1724,9 +1760,9 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
         hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasFood() ? this.food.hashCode() : 0);
         hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasTool() ? this.tool.hashCode() : 0);
         hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasJukeboxPlayable() ? this.jukebox.hashCode() : 0);
-        hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasDamage() ? this.damage : 0);
-        hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasMaxDamage() ? 1231 : 1237);
-        hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasAttributeModifiers() ? this.attributeModifiers.hashCode() : 0);
+        hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasDamageValue() ? this.damage : -1); // Paper - preserve empty/0 damage
+        hash = 61 * hash + (this.hasMaxDamage() ? this.maxDamage.hashCode() : 0); // Paper - max damage is not a boolean
+        hash = 61 * hash + (this.attributeModifiers != null ? this.attributeModifiers.hashCode() : 0); // Paper - track only null attributes
         hash = 61 * hash + (this.canPlaceOnPredicates != null ? this.canPlaceOnPredicates.hashCode() : 0); // Paper
         hash = 61 * hash + (this.canBreakPredicates != null ? this.canBreakPredicates.hashCode() : 0); // Paper
         hash = 61 * hash + this.version;
@@ -1746,7 +1782,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
             if (this.enchantments != null) {
                 clone.enchantments = new EnchantmentMap(this.enchantments); // Paper
             }
-            if (this.hasAttributeModifiers()) {
+            if (this.attributeModifiers != null) { // Paper
                 clone.attributeModifiers = LinkedHashMultimap.create(this.attributeModifiers);
             }
             if (this.customTag != null) {
@@ -1874,7 +1910,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
             builder.put(CraftMetaItem.JUKEBOX_PLAYABLE.BUKKIT, this.jukebox);
         }
 
-        if (this.hasDamage()) {
+        if (this.hasDamageValue()) { // Paper - preserve empty/0 damage
             builder.put(CraftMetaItem.DAMAGE.BUKKIT, this.damage);
         }
 
@@ -1975,7 +2011,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     }
 
     static void serializeModifiers(Multimap<Attribute, AttributeModifier> modifiers, ImmutableMap.Builder<String, Object> builder, ItemMetaKey key) {
-        if (modifiers == null || modifiers.isEmpty()) {
+        if (modifiers == null/* || modifiers.isEmpty()*/) { // Paper - null and an empty map have different behaviors
             return;
         }
 
@@ -2057,7 +2093,7 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     // Paper start - improve checking handled tags
     @org.jetbrains.annotations.VisibleForTesting
     public static final Map<Class<? extends CraftMetaItem>, Set<DataComponentType<?>>> HANDLED_DCTS_PER_TYPE = new HashMap<>();
-    private static final Set<DataComponentType<?>> DEFAULT_HANDLED_DCTS = Set.of(
+    protected static final Set<DataComponentType<?>> DEFAULT_HANDLED_DCTS = Set.of(
         CraftMetaItem.NAME.TYPE,
         CraftMetaItem.ITEM_NAME.TYPE,
         CraftMetaItem.LORE.TYPE,
@@ -2125,7 +2161,12 @@ class CraftMetaItem implements ItemMeta, Damageable, Repairable, BlockDataMeta {
     // Paper end - improve checking handled data component types
 
     protected static <T> Optional<? extends T> getOrEmpty(DataComponentPatch tag, ItemMetaKeyType<T> type) {
-        Optional<? extends T> result = tag.get(type.TYPE);
+        // Paper start
+        return getOrEmpty(tag, type.TYPE);
+    }
+    protected static <T> Optional<? extends T> getOrEmpty(final DataComponentPatch tag, final DataComponentType<T> type) {
+        Optional<? extends T> result = tag.get(type);
+        // Paper end
 
         return (result != null) ? result : Optional.empty();
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaLeatherArmor.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaLeatherArmor.java
index e8c950aa74d31bf7a9128f4acc4bccee26bbcd7f..f1dbfba7ec11b12ead627f098a0b833f49be8000 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaLeatherArmor.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaLeatherArmor.java
@@ -18,16 +18,30 @@ class CraftMetaLeatherArmor extends CraftMetaItem implements LeatherArmorMeta {
 
     static final ItemMetaKeyType<DyedItemColor> COLOR = new ItemMetaKeyType<>(DataComponents.DYED_COLOR, "color");
 
-    private Color color = DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR;
+    private Integer color; // Paper - keep color component consistent with vanilla (top byte is ignored)
 
     CraftMetaLeatherArmor(CraftMetaItem meta) {
         super(meta);
-        CraftMetaLeatherArmor.readColor(this, meta);
+        // Paper start
+        if (!(meta instanceof CraftMetaLeatherArmor leatherMeta)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.color = leatherMeta.color;
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     CraftMetaLeatherArmor(DataComponentPatch tag, java.util.Set<net.minecraft.core.component.DataComponentType<?>> extraHandledDcts) { // Paper
         super(tag, extraHandledDcts); // Paper
-        CraftMetaLeatherArmor.readColor(this, tag);
+        // Paper start
+        getOrEmpty(tag, CraftMetaLeatherArmor.COLOR).ifPresent((dyedItemColor) -> {
+            if (!dyedItemColor.showInTooltip()) {
+                this.addItemFlags(ItemFlag.HIDE_DYE);
+            }
+
+            this.color = dyedItemColor.rgb();
+        });
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     CraftMetaLeatherArmor(Map<String, Object> map) {
@@ -38,7 +52,11 @@ class CraftMetaLeatherArmor extends CraftMetaItem implements LeatherArmorMeta {
     @Override
     void applyToItem(CraftMetaItem.Applicator itemTag) {
         super.applyToItem(itemTag);
-        CraftMetaLeatherArmor.applyColor(this, itemTag);
+        // Paper start
+        if (this.hasColor()) {
+            itemTag.put(CraftMetaLeatherArmor.COLOR, new DyedItemColor(this.color, !this.hasItemFlag(ItemFlag.HIDE_DYE)));
+        }
+        // Paper end
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -66,16 +84,16 @@ class CraftMetaLeatherArmor extends CraftMetaItem implements LeatherArmorMeta {
 
     @Override
     public Color getColor() {
-        return this.color;
+        return this.color == null ? DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR : Color.fromRGB(this.color & 0xFFFFFF); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setColor(Color color) {
-        this.color = color == null ? DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR : color;
+        this.color = color == null ? null : color.asRGB(); // Paper
     }
 
     boolean hasColor() {
-        return CraftMetaLeatherArmor.hasColor(this);
+        return this.color != null; // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -95,7 +113,7 @@ class CraftMetaLeatherArmor extends CraftMetaItem implements LeatherArmorMeta {
         if (meta instanceof CraftMetaLeatherArmor) {
             CraftMetaLeatherArmor that = (CraftMetaLeatherArmor) meta;
 
-            return this.color.equals(that.color);
+            return this.hasColor() ? that.hasColor() && this.color.equals(that.color) : !that.hasColor(); // Paper - allow null
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -115,14 +133,16 @@ class CraftMetaLeatherArmor extends CraftMetaItem implements LeatherArmorMeta {
         return original != hash ? CraftMetaLeatherArmor.class.hashCode() ^ hash : hash;
     }
 
+    @io.papermc.paper.annotation.DoNotUse // Paper
     static void readColor(LeatherArmorMeta meta, CraftMetaItem other) {
         if (!(other instanceof CraftMetaLeatherArmor armorMeta)) {
             return;
         }
 
-        meta.setColor(armorMeta.color);
+        // meta.setColor(armorMeta.color); // Paper - commented out, color is now an integer and cannot be passed to setColor
     }
 
+    @io.papermc.paper.annotation.DoNotUse // Paper
     static void readColor(LeatherArmorMeta meta, DataComponentPatch tag) {
         getOrEmpty(tag, CraftMetaLeatherArmor.COLOR).ifPresent((dyedItemColor) -> {
             if (!dyedItemColor.showInTooltip()) {
@@ -145,6 +165,7 @@ class CraftMetaLeatherArmor extends CraftMetaItem implements LeatherArmorMeta {
         return !DEFAULT_LEATHER_COLOR.equals(meta.getColor());
     }
 
+    @io.papermc.paper.annotation.DoNotUse // Paper
     static void applyColor(LeatherArmorMeta meta, CraftMetaItem.Applicator tag) {
         if (CraftMetaLeatherArmor.hasColor(meta)) {
             tag.put(CraftMetaLeatherArmor.COLOR, new DyedItemColor(meta.getColor().asRGB(), !meta.hasItemFlag(ItemFlag.HIDE_DYE)));
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaMap.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaMap.java
index 149356981e586e4f67d4543d3df94a2ea99333fc..06c72ed83dab9492b70bfd13f7f9c1a4cbef9e2f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaMap.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaMap.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class CraftMetaMap extends CraftMetaItem implements MapMeta {
 
     private Integer mapId;
     private byte scaling = CraftMetaMap.SCALING_EMPTY;
-    private Color color;
+    private Integer color; // Paper - keep color component consistent with vanilla (top byte is ignored)
 
     CraftMetaMap(CraftMetaItem meta) {
         super(meta);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class CraftMetaMap extends CraftMetaItem implements MapMeta {
 
         getOrEmpty(tag, CraftMetaMap.MAP_COLOR).ifPresent((mapColor) -> {
             try {
-                this.color = Color.fromRGB(mapColor.rgb());
+                this.color = mapColor.rgb(); // Paper
             } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                 // Invalid colour
             }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class CraftMetaMap extends CraftMetaItem implements MapMeta {
         }
 
         if (this.hasColor()) {
-            tag.put(CraftMetaMap.MAP_COLOR, new MapItemColor(this.color.asRGB()));
+            tag.put(CraftMetaMap.MAP_COLOR, new MapItemColor(this.color)); // Paper
         }
     }
 
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ class CraftMetaMap extends CraftMetaItem implements MapMeta {
 
     @Override
     public int getMapId() {
+        Preconditions.checkState(this.hasMapId(), "Item does not have map associated - check hasMapId() first!"); // Paper - fix NPE
         return this.mapId;
     }
 
@@ -181,12 +182,12 @@ class CraftMetaMap extends CraftMetaItem implements MapMeta {
 
     @Override
     public Color getColor() {
-        return this.color;
+        return this.color == null ? null : Color.fromRGB(this.color & 0xFFFFFF); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setColor(Color color) {
-        this.color = color;
+        this.color = color == null ? null : color.asRGB(); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaOminousBottle.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaOminousBottle.java
index 90c554dcbfe2bcca3f742379499f1e8e8665c512..14acdd2bd02de7e99b7f237151633ed71396db5f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaOminousBottle.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaOminousBottle.java
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ public class CraftMetaOminousBottle extends CraftMetaItem implements OminousBott
 
     @Override
     public int getAmplifier() {
+        Preconditions.checkState(this.hasAmplifier(), "'ominous_bottle_amplifier' data component is absent. Check hasAmplifier first!"); // Paper - fix NPE
         return this.ominousBottleAmplifier;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaPotion.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaPotion.java
index 7f9182809f6e67ff571db0f365bc7e05f600775a..01c49df291f721bab3acb788ff2f27879b38bfc7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaPotion.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaPotion.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CraftMetaPotion extends CraftMetaItem implements PotionMeta {
 
     private PotionType type;
     private List<PotionEffect> customEffects;
-    private Color color;
+    private Integer color; // Paper - keep color component consistent with vanilla (top byte is ignored)
 
     CraftMetaPotion(CraftMetaItem meta) {
         super(meta);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class CraftMetaPotion extends CraftMetaItem implements PotionMeta {
 
             potionContents.customColor().ifPresent((customColor) -> {
                 try {
-                    this.color = Color.fromRGB(customColor);
+                    this.color = customColor; // Paper
                 } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                     // Invalid colour
                 }
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class CraftMetaPotion extends CraftMetaItem implements PotionMeta {
         super.applyToItem(tag);
 
         Optional<Holder<Potion>> defaultPotion = (this.hasBasePotionType()) ? Optional.of(CraftPotionType.bukkitToMinecraftHolder(this.type)) : Optional.empty();
-        Optional<Integer> potionColor = (this.hasColor()) ? Optional.of(this.color.asRGB()) : Optional.empty();
+        Optional<Integer> potionColor = (this.hasColor()) ? Optional.of(this.color) : Optional.empty(); // Paper
 
         List<MobEffectInstance> effectList = new ArrayList<>();
         if (this.customEffects != null) {
@@ -280,12 +280,12 @@ class CraftMetaPotion extends CraftMetaItem implements PotionMeta {
 
     @Override
     public Color getColor() {
-        return this.color;
+        return this.color == null ? null : Color.fromRGB(this.color & 0xFFFFFF); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setColor(Color color) {
-        this.color = color;
+        this.color = color == null ? null : color.asRGB(); // Paper
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSkull.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSkull.java
index ab860f1179fa2618c8fbc30ac5f48ff78b8abb60..7de2ed297d0b2bf8adf2058e75a9b594ec2197bd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSkull.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSkull.java
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ class CraftMetaSkull extends CraftMetaItem implements SkullMeta {
             // Fill in textures
             PlayerProfile ownerProfile = new CraftPlayerProfile(this.profile); // getOwnerProfile may return null
             if (ownerProfile.getTextures().isEmpty()) {
-                ownerProfile.update().thenAccept((filledProfile) -> {
+                ownerProfile.update().thenAcceptAsync((filledProfile) -> { // Paper - run on main thread
                     this.setOwnerProfile(filledProfile);
-                    tag.put(CraftMetaSkull.SKULL_PROFILE, new ResolvableProfile(this.profile));
-                });
+                    tag.skullCallback(this.profile); // Paper - actually set profile on itemstack
+                }, ((org.bukkit.craftbukkit.CraftServer) org.bukkit.Bukkit.getServer()).getServer()); // Paper - run on main thread
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSpawnEgg.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSpawnEgg.java
index e4b8637e6d82e2ce7cfee2130e6422f0ef4e1fbc..49751354ecd3d401726e8989eb3c09b2de7ae4dc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSpawnEgg.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaSpawnEgg.java
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ public class CraftMetaSpawnEgg extends CraftMetaItem implements SpawnEggMeta {
 
     @Override
     public EntitySnapshot getSpawnedEntity() {
+        if (this.entityTag == null) return null; // Paper - fix NPE
         return CraftEntitySnapshot.create(this.entityTag);
     }
 
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ public class CraftMetaSpawnEgg extends CraftMetaItem implements SpawnEggMeta {
         if (meta instanceof CraftMetaSpawnEgg) {
             CraftMetaSpawnEgg that = (CraftMetaSpawnEgg) meta;
 
-            return this.entityTag != null ? that.entityTag != null && this.entityTag.equals(that.entityTag) : this.entityTag == null;
+            return this.entityTag != null ? that.entityTag != null && this.entityTag.equals(that.entityTag) : that.entityTag == null; // Paper
         }
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket.java
index 17705059b81942e4df43a4a5180092e09c985ade..80e6b85a107d5236edba99540cb5074e2dc1485a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket.java
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ class CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket extends CraftMetaItem implements TropicalFishB
 
     @Override
     public DyeColor getPatternColor() {
+        com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState(this.hasVariant(), "This bucket doesn't have variant, check hasVariant first!"); // Paper - fix NPE
         return CraftTropicalFish.getPatternColor(this.variant);
     }
 
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ class CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket extends CraftMetaItem implements TropicalFishB
 
     @Override
     public DyeColor getBodyColor() {
+        com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState(this.hasVariant(), "This bucket doesn't have variant, check hasVariant first!"); // Paper - fix NPE
         return CraftTropicalFish.getBodyColor(this.variant);
     }
 
@@ -146,6 +148,7 @@ class CraftMetaTropicalFishBucket extends CraftMetaItem implements TropicalFishB
 
     @Override
     public TropicalFish.Pattern getPattern() {
+        com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState(this.hasVariant(), "This bucket doesn't have variant, check hasVariant first!"); // Paper - fix NPE
         return CraftTropicalFish.getPattern(this.variant);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/SerializableMeta.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/SerializableMeta.java
index b7e93a6ec72ec3e3390fefa52fda0c2cd8e17c0c..758778650bebf7b96eefab42543e812849124b2f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/SerializableMeta.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/SerializableMeta.java
@@ -128,4 +128,21 @@ public final class SerializableMeta implements ConfigurationSerializable {
         }
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(field + "(" + object + ") is not a valid " + clazz);
     }
+
+    // Paper start - General ItemMeta Fixes
+    public static <T> java.util.Optional<T> getObjectOptionally(Class<T> clazz, Map<?, ?> map, Object field, boolean nullable) {
+        final Object object = map.get(field);
+
+        if (clazz.isInstance(object)) {
+            return java.util.Optional.of(clazz.cast(object));
+        }
+        if (object == null) {
+            if (!nullable) {
+                throw new NoSuchElementException(map + " does not contain " + field);
+            }
+            return java.util.Optional.empty();
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(field + "(" + object + ") is not a valid " + clazz);
+    }
+    // Paper end - General ItemMeta Fixes
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftFoodComponent.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftFoodComponent.java
index 63fc9138dc3388ceb9acf672b3f75ba0976e8e54..5986aa3588487c2caef4c895f8883e38a674b61c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftFoodComponent.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftFoodComponent.java
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ public final class CraftFoodComponent implements FoodComponent {
 
     @Override
     public void setEatSeconds(float eatSeconds) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(eatSeconds > 0, "Eat seconds must be positive"); // Paper - validate eat_seconds
         this.handle = new FoodProperties(this.handle.nutrition(), this.handle.saturation(), this.handle.canAlwaysEat(), eatSeconds, this.handle.usingConvertsTo(), this.handle.effects());
     }
 
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ public final class CraftFoodComponent implements FoodComponent {
 
     @Override
     public void setUsingConvertsTo(ItemStack item) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(item == null || !item.isEmpty(), "Item cannot be empty"); // Paper - validate using_converts_to
         this.handle = new FoodProperties(this.handle.nutrition(), this.handle.saturation(), this.handle.canAlwaysEat(), this.handle.eatSeconds(), Optional.ofNullable(item).map(CraftItemStack::asNMSCopy), this.handle.effects());
     }
 
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@ public final class CraftFoodComponent implements FoodComponent {
 
     @Override
     public FoodEffect addEffect(PotionEffect effect, float probability) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(0 <= probability && probability <= 1, "Probability cannot be outside range [0,1]"); // Paper
         List<FoodProperties.PossibleEffect> effects = new ArrayList<>(this.handle.effects());
 
         FoodProperties.PossibleEffect newEffect = new net.minecraft.world.food.FoodProperties.PossibleEffect(CraftPotionUtil.fromBukkit(effect), probability);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftToolComponent.java b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftToolComponent.java
index 4d7889ccd1c70db537402a9bbab42e40c3bb0d65..73be17186c87019868fdd7f9e0fdcdadeef79570 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftToolComponent.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/components/CraftToolComponent.java
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ public final class CraftToolComponent implements ToolComponent {
     public ToolRule addRule(Material block, Float speed, Boolean correctForDrops) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(block != null, "block must not be null");
         Preconditions.checkArgument(block.isBlock(), "block must be a block type, given %s", block.getKey());
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(speed == null || speed > 0, "speed must be positive"); // Paper - validate speed
 
         Holder.Reference<Block> nmsBlock = CraftBlockType.bukkitToMinecraft(block).builtInRegistryHolder();
         return this.addRule(HolderSet.direct(nmsBlock), speed, correctForDrops);
@@ -115,6 +116,7 @@ public final class CraftToolComponent implements ToolComponent {
 
     @Override
     public ToolRule addRule(Collection<Material> blocks, Float speed, Boolean correctForDrops) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(speed == null || speed > 0, "speed must be positive"); // Paper - validate speed
         List<Holder.Reference<Block>> nmsBlocks = new ArrayList<>(blocks.size());
 
         for (Material material : blocks) {
@@ -128,6 +130,7 @@ public final class CraftToolComponent implements ToolComponent {
     @Override
     public ToolRule addRule(Tag<Material> tag, Float speed, Boolean correctForDrops) {
         Preconditions.checkArgument(tag instanceof CraftBlockTag, "tag must be a block tag");
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(speed == null || speed > 0, "speed must be positive"); // Paper - validate speed
         return this.addRule(((CraftBlockTag) tag).getHandle(), speed, correctForDrops);
     }
 
@@ -290,6 +293,7 @@ public final class CraftToolComponent implements ToolComponent {
 
         @Override
         public void setSpeed(Float speed) {
+            Preconditions.checkArgument(speed == null || speed > 0, "speed must be positive"); // Paper - validate speed
             this.handle = new Tool.Rule(this.handle.blocks(), Optional.ofNullable(speed), this.handle.correctForDrops());
         }
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/DeprecatedItemMetaCustomValueTest.java b/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/DeprecatedItemMetaCustomValueTest.java
index 6bed0a5c8d9f1ca72678cdf4699128e441a24541..8e03e14d0e65bfdf2196a08220d1408b1297aa0d 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/DeprecatedItemMetaCustomValueTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/DeprecatedItemMetaCustomValueTest.java
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public class DeprecatedItemMetaCustomValueTest extends AbstractTestingBase {
     public void testNBTTagStoring() {
         CraftMetaItem itemMeta = this.createComplexItemMeta();
 
-        CraftMetaItem.Applicator compound = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+        CraftMetaItem.Applicator compound = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {}; // Paper
         itemMeta.applyToItem(compound);
 
         assertEquals(itemMeta, new CraftMetaItem(compound.build(), null)); // Paper
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/ItemMetaTest.java b/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/ItemMetaTest.java
index d6018439015583fa0344c7c01b2e60a13de29795..aabe3730fa582f442ee0544dd1a9f3123f719c68 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/ItemMetaTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/ItemMetaTest.java
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
 public class ItemMetaTest extends AbstractTestingBase {
 
-    static final int MAX_FIREWORK_POWER = 127; // Please update ItemStackFireworkTest if/when this gets changed.
+    static final int MAX_FIREWORK_POWER = 255; // Please update ItemStackFireworkTest if/when this gets changed. // Paper - it changed
 
     @Test
     public void testPowerLimitExact() {
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/PersistentDataContainerTest.java b/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/PersistentDataContainerTest.java
index 6f94c7a19f2f598a836ec7db30332dd95f8675a6..54ffbfd91a03efa2d0d271ed10db4209a2309638 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/PersistentDataContainerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/bukkit/craftbukkit/inventory/PersistentDataContainerTest.java
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public class PersistentDataContainerTest extends AbstractTestingBase {
     public void testNBTTagStoring() {
         CraftMetaItem itemMeta = this.createComplexItemMeta();
 
-        CraftMetaItem.Applicator compound = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+        CraftMetaItem.Applicator compound = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {}; // Paper
         itemMeta.applyToItem(compound);
 
         assertEquals(itemMeta, new CraftMetaItem(compound.build(), null)); // Paper
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ public class PersistentDataContainerTest extends AbstractTestingBase {
         assertEquals(List.of(), container.get(PersistentDataContainerTest.requestKey("list"), PersistentDataType.LIST.strings()));
 
         // Write and read the entire container to NBT
-        final CraftMetaItem.Applicator storage = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator();
+        final CraftMetaItem.Applicator storage = new CraftMetaItem.Applicator() {}; // Paper
         craftItem.applyToItem(storage);
 
         final CraftMetaItem readItem = new CraftMetaItem(storage.build(), null); // Paper