all: Rework page store, add a dynacache, improve partial rebuilds, and some general spring cleaningdevelop2024

There are some breaking changes in this commit, see #11455.

Closes #11455
Closes #11549

This fixes a set of bugs (see issue list) and it is also paying some technical debt accumulated over the years. We now build with Staticcheck enabled in the CI build.

The performance should be about the same as before for regular sized Hugo sites, but it should perform and scale much better to larger data sets, as objects that uses lots of memory (e.g. rendered Markdown, big JSON files read into maps with transform.Unmarshal etc.) will now get automatically garbage collected if needed. Performance on partial rebuilds when running the server in fast render mode should be the same, but the change detection should be much more accurate.

A list of the notable new features:

* A new dependency tracker that covers (almost) all of Hugo's API and is used to do fine grained partial rebuilds when running the server.
* A new and simpler tree document store which allows fast lookups and prefix-walking in all dimensions (e.g. language) concurrently.
* You can now configure an upper memory limit allowing for much larger data sets and/or running on lower specced PCs.
We have lifted the "no resources in sub folders" restriction for branch bundles (e.g. sections).
Memory Limit
* Hugos will, by default, set aside a quarter of the total system memory, but you can set this via the OS environment variable HUGO_MEMORYLIMIT (in gigabytes). This is backed by a partitioned LRU cache used throughout Hugo. A cache that gets dynamically resized in low memory situations, allowing Go's Garbage Collector to free the memory.

New Dependency Tracker: Hugo has had a rule based coarse grained approach to server rebuilds that has worked mostly pretty well, but there have been some surprises (e.g. stale content). This is now revamped with a new dependency tracker that can quickly calculate the delta given a changed resource (e.g. a content file, template, JS file etc.). This handles transitive relations, e.g. $page -> js.Build -> JS import, or $page1.Content -> render hook -> site.GetPage -> $page2.Title, or $page1.Content -> shortcode -> partial -> site.RegularPages -> $page2.Content -> shortcode ..., and should also handle changes to aggregated values (e.g. site.Lastmod) effectively.

This covers all of Hugo's API with 2 known exceptions (a list that may not be fully exhaustive):

Changes to files loaded with template func os.ReadFile may not be handled correctly. We recommend loading resources with resources.Get
Changes to Hugo objects (e.g. Page) passed in the template context to lang.Translate may not be detected correctly. We recommend having simple i18n templates without too much data context passed in other than simple types such as strings and numbers.
Note that the cachebuster configuration (when A changes then rebuild B) works well with the above, but we recommend that you revise that configuration, as it in most situations should not be needed. One example where it is still needed is with TailwindCSS and using changes to hugo_stats.json to trigger new CSS rebuilds.

Document Store: Previously, a little simplified, we split the document store (where we store pages and resources) in a tree per language. This worked pretty well, but the structure made some operations harder than they needed to be. We have now restructured it into one Radix tree for all languages. Internally the language is considered to be a dimension of that tree, and the tree can be viewed in all dimensions concurrently. This makes some operations re. language simpler (e.g. finding translations is just a slice range), but the idea is that it should also be relatively inexpensive to add more dimensions if needed (e.g. role).

Fixes #10169
Fixes #10364
Fixes #10482
Fixes #10630
Fixes #10656
Fixes #10694
Fixes #10918
Fixes #11262
Fixes #11439
Fixes #11453
Fixes #11457
Fixes #11466
Fixes #11540
Fixes #11551
Fixes #11556
Fixes #11654
Fixes #11661
Fixes #11663
Fixes #11664
Fixes #11669
Fixes #11671
Fixes #11807
Fixes #11808
Fixes #11809
Fixes #11815
Fixes #11840
Fixes #11853
Fixes #11860
Fixes #11883
Fixes #11904
Fixes #7388
Fixes #7425
Fixes #7436
Fixes #7544
Fixes #7882
Fixes #7960
Fixes #8255
Fixes #8307
Fixes #8863
Fixes #8927
Fixes #9192
Fixes #9324

52 files changed, 362 insertions, 408 deletions

diff --git a/tpl/collections/apply.go b/tpl/collections/apply.go
index 397ba0fdb..3d50395b9 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/apply.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/apply.go
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Apply(ctx context.Context, c any, fname string, args ...any
 
 func applyFnToThis(ctx context.Context, fn, this reflect.Value, args ...any) (reflect.Value, error) {
 	num := fn.Type().NumIn()
-	if num > 0 && fn.Type().In(0).Implements(hreflect.ContextInterface) {
+	if num > 0 && hreflect.IsContextType(fn.Type().In(0)) {
 		args = append([]any{ctx}, args...)
 	}
 
diff --git a/tpl/collections/apply_test.go b/tpl/collections/apply_test.go
index aa39923b7..0a5764264 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/apply_test.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/apply_test.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/testconfig"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/output"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/output/layouts"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
@@ -29,6 +30,10 @@ import (
 
 type templateFinder int
 
+func (templateFinder) GetIdentity(string) (identity.Identity, bool) {
+	return identity.StringIdentity("test"), true
+}
+
 func (templateFinder) Lookup(name string) (tpl.Template, bool) {
 	return nil, false
 }
diff --git a/tpl/collections/collections.go b/tpl/collections/collections.go
index e34753f17..61fd138e9 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/collections.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/collections.go
@@ -35,11 +35,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )
 
-func init() {
-	// htime.Now cannot be used here
-	rand.Seed(time.Now().UTC().UnixNano())
-}
-
 // New returns a new instance of the collections-namespaced template functions.
 func New(deps *deps.Deps) *Namespace {
 	language := deps.Conf.Language()
@@ -149,7 +144,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Delimit(ctx context.Context, l, sep any, last ...any) (stri
 		}
 
 	default:
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("can't iterate over %v", l)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("can't iterate over %T", l)
 	}
 
 	return str, nil
diff --git a/tpl/collections/collections_test.go b/tpl/collections/collections_test.go
index dcdd3bd5c..7dd518759 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/collections_test.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/collections_test.go
@@ -699,7 +699,6 @@ func TestShuffleRandomising(t *testing.T) {
 	// of the sequence happens to be the same as the original sequence. However
 	// the probability of the event is 10^-158 which is negligible.
 	seqLen := 100
-	rand.Seed(time.Now().UTC().UnixNano())
 
 	for _, test := range []struct {
 		seq []int
@@ -895,6 +894,7 @@ func (x TstX) TstRv2() string {
 	return "r" + x.B
 }
 
+//lint:ignore U1000 reflect test
 func (x TstX) unexportedMethod() string {
 	return x.unexported
 }
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ func (x TstX) String() string {
 
 type TstX struct {
 	A, B       string
-	unexported string
+	unexported string //lint:ignore U1000 reflect test
 }
 
 type TstParams struct {
diff --git a/tpl/collections/integration_test.go b/tpl/collections/integration_test.go
index a443755f8..24727a12c 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -97,11 +97,9 @@ func TestAppendSliceToASliceOfSlices(t *testing.T) {
 	).Build()
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "[[a] [b] [c]]")
-
 }
 
 func TestAppendNilToSlice(t *testing.T) {
-
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	files := `
@@ -123,11 +121,9 @@ func TestAppendNilToSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	).Build()
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "[a <nil>]")
-
 }
 
 func TestAppendNilsToSliceWithNils(t *testing.T) {
-
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	files := `
@@ -153,7 +149,6 @@ func TestAppendNilsToSliceWithNils(t *testing.T) {
 		b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "[a <nil> c <nil>]")
 
 	}
-
 }
 
 // Issue 11234.
diff --git a/tpl/collections/where.go b/tpl/collections/where.go
index 07c2d3deb..bf3f75044 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/where.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/where.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Where(ctx context.Context, c, key any, args ...any) (any, e
 	case reflect.Map:
 		return ns.checkWhereMap(ctxv, seqv, kv, mv, path, op)
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't iterate over %v", c)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't iterate over %T", c)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ func evaluateSubElem(ctx, obj reflect.Value, elemName string) (reflect.Value, er
 		mt := objPtr.Type().Method(index)
 		num := mt.Type.NumIn()
 		maxNumIn := 1
-		if num > 1 && mt.Type.In(1).Implements(hreflect.ContextInterface) {
+		if num > 1 && hreflect.IsContextType(mt.Type.In(1)) {
 			args = []reflect.Value{ctx}
 			maxNumIn = 2
 		}
diff --git a/tpl/data/data.go b/tpl/data/data.go
index 380c25685..b6b0515e8 100644
--- a/tpl/data/data.go
+++ b/tpl/data/data.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
 
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 )
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) GetJSON(args ...any) (any, error) {
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", url, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to create request for getJSON resource %s: %w", url, err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request for getJSON resource %s: %w", url, err)
 	}
 
 	unmarshal := func(b []byte) (bool, error) {
diff --git a/tpl/data/resources.go b/tpl/data/resources.go
index 45764dae7..3a3701d60 100644
--- a/tpl/data/resources.go
+++ b/tpl/data/resources.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) getRemote(cache *filecache.Cache, unmarshal func([]byte) (b
 			res.Body.Close()
 
 			if isHTTPError(res) {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to retrieve remote file: %s, body: %q", http.StatusText(res.StatusCode), b)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve remote file: %s, body: %q", http.StatusText(res.StatusCode), b)
 			}
 
 			retry, err = unmarshal(b)
diff --git a/tpl/data/resources_test.go b/tpl/data/resources_test.go
index d452a2a43..b8003bf43 100644
--- a/tpl/data/resources_test.go
+++ b/tpl/data/resources_test.go
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@ package data
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
@@ -26,12 +23,14 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/testconfig"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
diff --git a/tpl/debug/integration_test.go b/tpl/debug/integration_test.go
index 3d120580d..9a36e2d12 100644
--- a/tpl/debug/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/debug/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ disableKinds = ["taxonomy", "term"]
 		},
 	).Build()
 
-	b.AssertLogContains("imer:  name \"foo\" count '\\x05' duration")
+	b.AssertLogContains("timer:  name foo count 5 duration")
 }
diff --git a/tpl/diagrams/diagrams.go b/tpl/diagrams/diagrams.go
index dfa29a978..6a58bcfe4 100644
--- a/tpl/diagrams/diagrams.go
+++ b/tpl/diagrams/diagrams.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/diagrams/goat.go b/tpl/diagrams/goat.go
index f3d4f4bfb..fe156f1e8 100644
--- a/tpl/diagrams/goat.go
+++ b/tpl/diagrams/goat.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/diagrams/init.go b/tpl/diagrams/init.go
index e6356ce9c..0cbec7e1b 100644
--- a/tpl/diagrams/init.go
+++ b/tpl/diagrams/init.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/fmt/integration_test.go b/tpl/fmt/integration_test.go
index 5010fa90e..40bfefcdc 100644
--- a/tpl/fmt/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/fmt/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -41,5 +41,4 @@ ignoreErrors = ['error-b']
 
 	b.BuildE()
 	b.AssertLogMatches(`^ERROR a\nYou can suppress this error by adding the following to your site configuration:\nignoreErrors = \['error-a'\]\n$`)
-
 }
diff --git a/tpl/images/integration_test.go b/tpl/images/integration_test.go
index ad810ad92..81f35e39c 100644
--- a/tpl/images/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/images/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/internal/go_templates/staticcheck.conf b/tpl/internal/go_templates/staticcheck.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cf5a78a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tpl/internal/go_templates/staticcheck.conf
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+checks = ["none"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template.go b/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template.go
index 78be55e18..4db40ce82 100644
--- a/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template.go
+++ b/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -59,23 +59,6 @@ func NewExecuter(helper ExecHelper) Executer {
 	return &executer{helper: helper}
 }
 
-type (
-	pageContextKeyType     string
-	hasLockContextKeyType  string
-	stackContextKeyType    string
-	callbackContextKeyType string
-)
-
-const (
-	// The data page passed to ExecuteWithContext gets stored with this key.
-	PageContextKey = pageContextKeyType("page")
-	// Used in partialCached to signal to nested templates that a lock is already taken.
-	HasLockContextKey = hasLockContextKeyType("hasLock")
-
-	// Used to pass down a callback function to nested templates.
-	CallbackContextKey = callbackContextKeyType("callback")
-)
-
 // Note: The context is currently not fully implemented in Hugo. This is a work in progress.
 func (t *executer) ExecuteWithContext(ctx context.Context, p Preparer, wr io.Writer, data any) error {
 	if ctx == nil {
diff --git a/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template_test.go b/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template_test.go
index cc88151e3..c68b747dd 100644
--- a/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template_test.go
+++ b/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/hugo_template_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (e *execHelper) GetMapValue(ctx context.Context, tmpl Preparer, m, key refl
 	return m.MapIndex(key), true
 }
 
-func (e *execHelper) GetMethod(ctx context.Context, tmpl Preparer, receiver reflect.Value, name string) (method reflect.Value, firstArg reflect.Value) {
+func (e *execHelper) GetMethod(ctx context.Context, tmpl Preparer, receiver reflect.Value, name string) (reflect.Value, reflect.Value) {
 	if name != "Hello1" {
 		return zero, zero
 	}
diff --git a/tpl/internal/templatefuncsRegistry.go b/tpl/internal/templatefuncsRegistry.go
index c1b01f5a5..fc02a6ef9 100644
--- a/tpl/internal/templatefuncsRegistry.go
+++ b/tpl/internal/templatefuncsRegistry.go
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func (namespaces TemplateFuncsNamespaces) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	for i, ns := range namespaces {
 
-		b, err := ns.toJSON(context.TODO())
+		b, err := ns.toJSON(context.Background())
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/tpl/js/js.go b/tpl/js/js.go
index bb8d20966..63a676532 100644
--- a/tpl/js/js.go
+++ b/tpl/js/js.go
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ func New(deps *deps.Deps) *Namespace {
 
 // Namespace provides template functions for the "js" namespace.
 type Namespace struct {
-	deps   *deps.Deps
 	client *js.Client
 }
 
diff --git a/tpl/lang/lang_test.go b/tpl/lang/lang_test.go
index 8d5430f6f..6ec40cab3 100644
--- a/tpl/lang/lang_test.go
+++ b/tpl/lang/lang_test.go
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ func TestNumFmt(t *testing.T) {
 		{6, -12345.6789, "-|,| ", "|", "-12 345,678900"},
 
 		// Arabic, ar_AE
-		{6, -12345.6789, "‏- ٫ ٬", "", "‏-12٬345٫678900"},
-		{6, -12345.6789, "‏-|٫| ", "|", "‏-12 345٫678900"},
+		{6, -12345.6789, "\u200f- ٫ ٬", "", "\u200f-12٬345٫678900"},
+		{6, -12345.6789, "\u200f-|٫| ", "|", "\u200f-12 345٫678900"},
 	}
 
 	for _, cas := range cases {
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ func TestNumFmt(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestFormatNumbers(t *testing.T) {
-
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
 	nsNn := New(&deps.Deps{}, translators.GetTranslator("nn"))
@@ -103,12 +102,10 @@ func TestFormatNumbers(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(got, qt.Equals, "$20,000.00")
 	})
-
 }
 
 // Issue 9446
 func TestLanguageKeyFormat(t *testing.T) {
-
 	c := qt.New(t)
 
 	nsUnderscoreUpper := New(&deps.Deps{}, translators.GetTranslator("es_ES"))
@@ -134,7 +131,5 @@ func TestLanguageKeyFormat(t *testing.T) {
 		got, err = nsHyphenLower.FormatNumber(3, pi)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(got, qt.Equals, "3,142")
-
 	})
-
 }
diff --git a/tpl/math/math_test.go b/tpl/math/math_test.go
index 5b54b6ac8..4cde3fb85 100644
--- a/tpl/math/math_test.go
+++ b/tpl/math/math_test.go
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func TestRound(t *testing.T) {
 		{0.5, 1.0},
 		{1.1, 1.0},
 		{1.5, 2.0},
-		{-0.1, -0.0},
+		{-0.1, 0.0},
 		{-0.5, -1.0},
 		{-1.1, -1.0},
 		{-1.5, -2.0},
@@ -524,7 +524,6 @@ func TestSum(t *testing.T) {
 
 	_, err := ns.Sum()
 	c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
 }
 
 func TestProduct(t *testing.T) {
@@ -547,5 +546,4 @@ func TestProduct(t *testing.T) {
 
 	_, err := ns.Product()
 	c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
 }
diff --git a/tpl/openapi/openapi3/integration_test.go b/tpl/openapi/openapi3/integration_test.go
index d3be0eda9..6914a60b3 100644
--- a/tpl/openapi/openapi3/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/openapi/openapi3/integration_test.go
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ API: {{ $api.Info.Title | safeHTML }}
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", `API: Sample API`)
 
 	b.
-		EditFileReplace("assets/api/myapi.yaml", func(s string) string { return strings.ReplaceAll(s, "Sample API", "Hugo API") }).
+		EditFileReplaceFunc("assets/api/myapi.yaml", func(s string) string { return strings.ReplaceAll(s, "Sample API", "Hugo API") }).
 		Build()
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", `API: Hugo API`)
diff --git a/tpl/openapi/openapi3/openapi3.go b/tpl/openapi/openapi3/openapi3.go
index 38857dd98..f929c7f62 100644
--- a/tpl/openapi/openapi3/openapi3.go
+++ b/tpl/openapi/openapi3/openapi3.go
@@ -15,44 +15,42 @@
 package openapi3
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 
 	gyaml "github.com/ghodss/yaml"
 
-	"errors"
-
 	kopenapi3 "github.com/getkin/kin-openapi/openapi3"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/namedmemcache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/dynacache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
 )
 
 // New returns a new instance of the openapi3-namespaced template functions.
 func New(deps *deps.Deps) *Namespace {
-	// TODO(bep) consolidate when merging that "other branch" -- but be aware of the keys.
-	cache := namedmemcache.New()
-	deps.BuildStartListeners.Add(
-		func() {
-			cache.Clear()
-		})
-
 	return &Namespace{
-		cache: cache,
+		cache: dynacache.GetOrCreatePartition[string, *OpenAPIDocument](deps.MemCache, "/tmpl/openapi3", dynacache.OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: dynacache.ClearOnChange}),
 		deps:  deps,
 	}
 }
 
 // Namespace provides template functions for the "openapi3".
 type Namespace struct {
-	cache *namedmemcache.Cache
+	cache *dynacache.Partition[string, *OpenAPIDocument]
 	deps  *deps.Deps
 }
 
 // OpenAPIDocument represents an OpenAPI 3 document.
 type OpenAPIDocument struct {
 	*kopenapi3.T
+	identityGroup identity.Identity
+}
+
+func (o *OpenAPIDocument) GetIdentityGroup() identity.Identity {
+	return o.identityGroup
 }
 
 // Unmarshal unmarshals the given resource into an OpenAPI 3 document.
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Unmarshal(r resource.UnmarshableResource) (*OpenAPIDocument
 		return nil, errors.New("no Key set in Resource")
 	}
 
-	v, err := ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func() (any, error) {
+	v, err := ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func(string) (*OpenAPIDocument, error) {
 		f := metadecoders.FormatFromStrings(r.MediaType().Suffixes()...)
 		if f == "" {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("MIME %q not supported", r.MediaType())
@@ -92,11 +90,11 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Unmarshal(r resource.UnmarshableResource) (*OpenAPIDocument
 
 		err = kopenapi3.NewLoader().ResolveRefsIn(s, nil)
 
-		return &OpenAPIDocument{T: s}, err
+		return &OpenAPIDocument{T: s, identityGroup: identity.FirstIdentity(r)}, err
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return v.(*OpenAPIDocument), nil
+	return v, nil
 }
diff --git a/tpl/os/integration_test.go b/tpl/os/integration_test.go
index d08374f8f..58e0ef70a 100644
--- a/tpl/os/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/os/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/page/init.go b/tpl/page/init.go
index 52aeaafd6..826aa45d3 100644
--- a/tpl/page/init.go
+++ b/tpl/page/init.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func init() {
 		ns := &internal.TemplateFuncsNamespace{
 			Name: name,
 			Context: func(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-				v := tpl.GetPageFromContext(ctx)
+				v := tpl.Context.Page.Get(ctx)
 				if v == nil {
 					// The multilingual sitemap does not have a page as its context.
 					return nil, nil
diff --git a/tpl/page/integration_test.go b/tpl/page/integration_test.go
index 74788377d..632c3b64e 100644
--- a/tpl/page/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/page/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ Bundled page: {{ $p2_1.Content }}
 -- layouts/shortcodes/shortcode.html --
 {{ if page.IsHome }}Shortcode {{ .Get 0 }} OK.{{ else }}Failed.{{ end }}
 -- layouts/sitemap.xml --
-HRE?{{ if eq page . }}Sitemap OK.{{ else }}Failed.{{ end }}
+{{ if eq page . }}Sitemap OK.{{ else }}Failed.{{ end }}
 -- layouts/robots.txt --
 {{ if eq page . }}Robots OK.{{ else }}Failed.{{ end }}
 -- layouts/sitemapindex.xml --
-{{ if not page }}SitemapIndex OK.{{ else }}Failed.{{ end }}
+{{ with page }}SitemapIndex OK: {{ .Kind }}{{ else }}Failed.{{ end }}
 
   `
 
@@ -167,15 +167,12 @@ Shortcode in bundled page OK.
 			b.AssertFileContent("public/page/1/index.html", `Alias OK.`)
 			b.AssertFileContent("public/page/2/index.html", `Page OK.`)
 			if multilingual {
-				b.AssertFileContent("public/sitemap.xml", `SitemapIndex OK.`)
+				b.AssertFileContent("public/sitemap.xml", `SitemapIndex OK: sitemapindex`)
 			} else {
 				b.AssertFileContent("public/sitemap.xml", `Sitemap OK.`)
 			}
-
 		})
-
 	}
-
 }
 
 // Issue 10791.
@@ -207,5 +204,23 @@ title: "P1"
 	).Build()
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/p1/index.html", "<nav id=\"TableOfContents\"></nav> \n<h1 id=\"heading-1\">Heading 1</h1>")
+}
+
+func TestFromStringRunning(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+disableLiveReload = true
+-- layouts/index.html --
+{{ with resources.FromString "foo" "{{ seq 3 }}" }}
+{{ with resources.ExecuteAsTemplate "bar" $ . }}
+	{{ .Content | safeHTML }}
+{{ end }}
+{{ end }}
+  `
+
+	b := hugolib.TestRunning(t, files)
 
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "1\n2\n3")
 }
diff --git a/tpl/partials/integration_test.go b/tpl/partials/integration_test.go
index 3dbaf2ce4..e48f3bb20 100644
--- a/tpl/partials/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/partials/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -297,7 +297,6 @@ timeout = '200ms'
 
 	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, "timed out")
-
 }
 
 func TestIncludeCachedTimeout(t *testing.T) {
@@ -322,7 +321,6 @@ timeout = '200ms'
 
 	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, "timed out")
-
 }
 
 // See Issue #10789
@@ -350,5 +348,4 @@ BAR
 	).Build()
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "OO:BAR")
-
 }
diff --git a/tpl/partials/partials.go b/tpl/partials/partials.go
index 3834529ce..8e36e21b9 100644
--- a/tpl/partials/partials.go
+++ b/tpl/partials/partials.go
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@ type partialCacheKey struct {
 	Variants []any
 }
 type includeResult struct {
-	name   string
-	result any
-	err    error
+	name     string
+	result   any
+	mangager identity.Manager
+	err      error
 }
 
 func (k partialCacheKey) Key() string {
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ type partialCache struct {
 }
 
 func (p *partialCache) clear() {
-	p.cache.DeleteFunc(func(string, includeResult) bool {
+	p.cache.DeleteFunc(func(s string, r includeResult) bool {
 		return true
 	})
 }
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ func New(deps *deps.Deps) *Namespace {
 	// This lazycache was introduced in Hugo 0.111.0.
 	// We're going to expand and consolidate all memory caches in Hugo using this,
 	// so just set a high limit for now.
-	lru := lazycache.New[string, includeResult](lazycache.Options{MaxEntries: 1000})
+	lru := lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[string, includeResult]{MaxEntries: 1000})
 
 	cache := &partialCache{cache: lru}
 	deps.BuildStartListeners.Add(
@@ -142,11 +143,11 @@ func (ns *Namespace) includWithTimeout(ctx context.Context, name string, dataLis
 	case <-timeoutCtx.Done():
 		err := timeoutCtx.Err()
 		if err == context.DeadlineExceeded {
+			//lint:ignore ST1005 end user message.
 			err = fmt.Errorf("partial %q timed out after %s. This is most likely due to infinite recursion. If this is just a slow template, you can try to increase the 'timeout' config setting.", name, ns.deps.Conf.Timeout())
 		}
 		return includeResult{err: err}
 	}
-
 }
 
 // include is a helper function that lookups and executes the named partial.
@@ -215,7 +216,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) include(ctx context.Context, name string, dataList ...any)
 		name:   templ.Name(),
 		result: result,
 	}
-
 }
 
 // IncludeCached executes and caches partial templates.  The cache is created with name+variants as the key.
@@ -226,12 +226,22 @@ func (ns *Namespace) IncludeCached(ctx context.Context, name string, context any
 		Name:     name,
 		Variants: variants,
 	}
+	depsManagerIn := tpl.Context.GetDependencyManagerInCurrentScope(ctx)
 
 	r, found, err := ns.cachedPartials.cache.GetOrCreate(key.Key(), func(string) (includeResult, error) {
+		var depsManagerShared identity.Manager
+		if ns.deps.Conf.Watching() {
+			// We need to create a shared dependency manager to pass downwards
+			// and add those same dependencies to any cached invocation of this partial.
+			depsManagerShared = identity.NewManager("partials")
+			ctx = tpl.Context.DependencyManagerScopedProvider.Set(ctx, depsManagerShared.(identity.DependencyManagerScopedProvider))
+		}
 		r := ns.includWithTimeout(ctx, key.Name, context)
+		if ns.deps.Conf.Watching() {
+			r.mangager = depsManagerShared
+		}
 		return r, r.err
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -242,10 +252,13 @@ func (ns *Namespace) IncludeCached(ctx context.Context, name string, context any
 			// We need to track the time spent in the cache to
 			// get the totals correct.
 			ns.deps.Metrics.MeasureSince(key.templateName(), start)
-
 		}
 		ns.deps.Metrics.TrackValue(key.templateName(), r.result, found)
 	}
 
+	if r.mangager != nil && depsManagerIn != nil {
+		depsManagerIn.AddIdentity(r.mangager)
+	}
+
 	return r.result, nil
 }
diff --git a/tpl/reflect/reflect_test.go b/tpl/reflect/reflect_test.go
index f85af87dd..84ffe813b 100644
--- a/tpl/reflect/reflect_test.go
+++ b/tpl/reflect/reflect_test.go
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 
 var ns = New()
 
-type tstNoStringer struct{}
-
 func TestIsMap(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)
 	for _, test := range []struct {
diff --git a/tpl/resources/integration_test.go b/tpl/resources/integration_test.go
index 0e0a29a98..02aa5d29d 100644
--- a/tpl/resources/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/resources/integration_test.go
@@ -72,10 +72,9 @@ Copy3: /blog/js/copies/moo.a677329fc6c4ad947e0c7116d91f37a2.min.js|text/javascri
 
 		`)
 
-	b.AssertDestinationExists("images/copy2.png", true)
+	b.AssertFileExists("public/images/copy2.png", true)
 	// No permalink used.
-	b.AssertDestinationExists("images/copy3.png", false)
-
+	b.AssertFileExists("public/images/copy3.png", false)
 }
 
 func TestCopyPageShouldFail(t *testing.T) {
@@ -96,7 +95,6 @@ func TestCopyPageShouldFail(t *testing.T) {
 		}).BuildE()
 
 	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNotNil)
-
 }
 
 func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
@@ -125,5 +123,4 @@ Image OK
 Empty string not found
 
 		`)
-
 }
diff --git a/tpl/resources/resources.go b/tpl/resources/resources.go
index d18797ebc..04af756ef 100644
--- a/tpl/resources/resources.go
+++ b/tpl/resources/resources.go
@@ -16,16 +16,15 @@ package resources
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
 
-	"errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/resourcehelpers"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/postpub"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
@@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) getscssClientDartSass() (*dartsass.Client, error) {
 			return
 		}
 		ns.deps.BuildClosers.Add(ns.scssClientDartSass)
-
 	})
 
 	return ns.scssClientDartSass, err
@@ -122,7 +120,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Copy(s any, r resource.Resource) (resource.Resource, error)
 // Get locates the filename given in Hugo's assets filesystem
 // and creates a Resource object that can be used for further transformations.
 func (ns *Namespace) Get(filename any) resource.Resource {
-
 	filenamestr, err := cast.ToStringE(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -172,7 +169,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) GetRemote(args ...any) resource.Resource {
 		}
 
 		return ns.createClient.FromRemote(urlstr, options)
-
 	}
 
 	r, err := get(args...)
@@ -183,10 +179,8 @@ func (ns *Namespace) GetRemote(args ...any) resource.Resource {
 		default:
 			return resources.NewErrorResource(resource.NewResourceError(fmt.Errorf("error calling resources.GetRemote: %w", err), make(map[string]any)))
 		}
-
 	}
 	return r
-
 }
 
 // GetMatch finds the first Resource matching the given pattern, or nil if none found.
@@ -344,7 +338,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Minify(r resources.ResourceTransformer) (resource.Resource,
 // as second argument. As an option, you can e.g. specify e.g. the target path (string)
 // for the converted CSS resource.
 func (ns *Namespace) ToCSS(args ...any) (resource.Resource, error) {
-
 	if len(args) > 2 {
 		return nil, errors.New("must not provide more arguments than resource object and options")
 	}
@@ -389,7 +382,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) ToCSS(args ...any) (resource.Resource, error) {
 	if transpiler == transpilerLibSass {
 		var options scss.Options
 		if targetPath != "" {
-			options.TargetPath = helpers.ToSlashTrimLeading(targetPath)
+			options.TargetPath = paths.ToSlashTrimLeading(targetPath)
 		} else if m != nil {
 			options, err = scss.DecodeOptions(m)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -413,12 +406,10 @@ func (ns *Namespace) ToCSS(args ...any) (resource.Resource, error) {
 	}
 
 	return client.ToCSS(r, m)
-
 }
 
 // PostCSS processes the given Resource with PostCSS
 func (ns *Namespace) PostCSS(args ...any) (resource.Resource, error) {
-
 	if len(args) > 2 {
 		return nil, errors.New("must not provide more arguments than resource object and options")
 	}
@@ -438,7 +429,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) PostProcess(r resource.Resource) (postpub.PostPublishedReso
 
 // Babel processes the given Resource with Babel.
 func (ns *Namespace) Babel(args ...any) (resource.Resource, error) {
-
 	if len(args) > 2 {
 		return nil, errors.New("must not provide more arguments than resource object and options")
 	}
diff --git a/tpl/safe/init.go b/tpl/safe/init.go
index 8fc0e82ea..3b498e6df 100644
--- a/tpl/safe/init.go
+++ b/tpl/safe/init.go
@@ -70,11 +70,6 @@ func init() {
 			},
 		)
 
-		ns.AddMethodMapping(ctx.SanitizeURL,
-			[]string{"sanitizeURL", "sanitizeurl"},
-			[][2]string{},
-		)
-
 		return ns
 	}
 
diff --git a/tpl/safe/safe.go b/tpl/safe/safe.go
index d1a2e8d4e..81b4e0480 100644
--- a/tpl/safe/safe.go
+++ b/tpl/safe/safe.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package safe
 import (
 	"html/template"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 )
 
@@ -65,9 +64,3 @@ func (ns *Namespace) URL(s any) (template.URL, error) {
 	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
 	return template.URL(ss), err
 }
-
-// SanitizeURL returns the string s as html/template URL content.
-func (ns *Namespace) SanitizeURL(s any) (string, error) {
-	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
-	return helpers.SanitizeURL(ss), err
-}
diff --git a/tpl/safe/safe_test.go b/tpl/safe/safe_test.go
index 81fa40fd8..f2a54755d 100644
--- a/tpl/safe/safe_test.go
+++ b/tpl/safe/safe_test.go
@@ -182,30 +182,3 @@ func TestURL(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(result, qt.Equals, test.expect)
 	}
 }
-
-func TestSanitizeURL(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	ns := New()
-
-	for _, test := range []struct {
-		a      any
-		expect any
-	}{
-		{"http://foo/../../bar", "http://foo/bar"},
-		// errors
-		{tstNoStringer{}, false},
-	} {
-
-		result, err := ns.SanitizeURL(test.a)
-
-		if b, ok := test.expect.(bool); ok && !b {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-			continue
-		}
-
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(result, qt.Equals, test.expect)
-	}
-}
diff --git a/tpl/site/init.go b/tpl/site/init.go
index 1c018e14e..1fcb309a0 100644
--- a/tpl/site/init.go
+++ b/tpl/site/init.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/strings/strings.go b/tpl/strings/strings.go
index 9f16f1581..cd233b0a4 100644
--- a/tpl/strings/strings.go
+++ b/tpl/strings/strings.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ type Namespace struct {
 func (ns *Namespace) CountRunes(s any) (int, error) {
 	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Failed to convert content to string: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert content to string: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	counter := 0
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) CountRunes(s any) (int, error) {
 func (ns *Namespace) RuneCount(s any) (int, error) {
 	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Failed to convert content to string: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert content to string: %w", err)
 	}
 	return utf8.RuneCountInString(ss), nil
 }
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ func (ns *Namespace) RuneCount(s any) (int, error) {
 func (ns *Namespace) CountWords(s any) (int, error) {
 	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Failed to convert content to string: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert content to string: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	isCJKLanguage, err := regexp.MatchString(`\p{Han}|\p{Hangul}|\p{Hiragana}|\p{Katakana}`, ss)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Failed to match regex pattern against string: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to match regex pattern against string: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if !isCJKLanguage {
@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ func (ns *Namespace) CountWords(s any) (int, error) {
 func (ns *Namespace) Count(substr, s any) (int, error) {
 	substrs, err := cast.ToStringE(substr)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Failed to convert substr to string: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert substr to string: %w", err)
 	}
 	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("Failed to convert s to string: %w", err)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert s to string: %w", err)
 	}
 	return strings.Count(ss, substrs), nil
 }
diff --git a/tpl/template.go b/tpl/template.go
index 1f0127c66..e9725bd74 100644
--- a/tpl/template.go
+++ b/tpl/template.go
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ import (
 	"unicode"
 
 	bp "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/bufferpool"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hcontext"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/output/layouts"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/output"
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ type TemplateHandler interface {
 	ExecuteWithContext(ctx context.Context, t Template, wr io.Writer, data any) error
 	LookupLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Format) (Template, bool, error)
 	HasTemplate(name string) bool
+	GetIdentity(name string) (identity.Identity, bool)
 }
 
 type TemplateLookup interface {
@@ -95,6 +98,27 @@ type Template interface {
 	Prepare() (*texttemplate.Template, error)
 }
 
+// AddIdentity checks if t is an identity.Identity and returns it if so.
+// Else it wraps it in a templateIdentity using its name as the base.
+func AddIdentity(t Template) Template {
+	if _, ok := t.(identity.IdentityProvider); ok {
+		return t
+	}
+	return templateIdentityProvider{
+		Template: t,
+		id:       identity.StringIdentity(t.Name()),
+	}
+}
+
+type templateIdentityProvider struct {
+	Template
+	id identity.Identity
+}
+
+func (t templateIdentityProvider) GetIdentity() identity.Identity {
+	return t.id
+}
+
 // TemplateParser is used to parse ad-hoc templates, e.g. in the Resource chain.
 type TemplateParser interface {
 	Parse(name, tpl string) (Template, error)
@@ -111,18 +135,6 @@ type TemplateDebugger interface {
 	Debug()
 }
 
-// templateInfo wraps a Template with some additional information.
-type templateInfo struct {
-	Template
-	Info
-}
-
-// templateInfo wraps a Template with some additional information.
-type templateInfoManager struct {
-	Template
-	InfoManager
-}
-
 // TemplatesProvider as implemented by deps.Deps.
 type TemplatesProvider interface {
 	Tmpl() TemplateHandler
@@ -144,34 +156,38 @@ type TemplateFuncGetter interface {
 	GetFunc(name string) (reflect.Value, bool)
 }
 
-// GetPageFromContext returns the top level Page.
-func GetPageFromContext(ctx context.Context) any {
-	return ctx.Value(texttemplate.PageContextKey)
+type contextKey string
+
+// Context manages values passed in the context to templates.
+var Context = struct {
+	DependencyManagerScopedProvider    hcontext.ContextDispatcher[identity.DependencyManagerScopedProvider]
+	GetDependencyManagerInCurrentScope func(context.Context) identity.Manager
+	SetDependencyManagerInCurrentScope func(context.Context, identity.Manager) context.Context
+	DependencyScope                    hcontext.ContextDispatcher[int]
+	Page                               hcontext.ContextDispatcher[page]
+}{
+	DependencyManagerScopedProvider: hcontext.NewContextDispatcher[identity.DependencyManagerScopedProvider](contextKey("DependencyManagerScopedProvider")),
+	DependencyScope:                 hcontext.NewContextDispatcher[int](contextKey("DependencyScope")),
+	Page:                            hcontext.NewContextDispatcher[page](contextKey("Page")),
 }
 
-// SetPageInContext sets the top level Page.
-func SetPageInContext(ctx context.Context, p page) context.Context {
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, texttemplate.PageContextKey, p)
+func init() {
+	Context.GetDependencyManagerInCurrentScope = func(ctx context.Context) identity.Manager {
+		idmsp := Context.DependencyManagerScopedProvider.Get(ctx)
+		if idmsp != nil {
+			return idmsp.GetDependencyManagerForScope(Context.DependencyScope.Get(ctx))
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
 }
 
 type page interface {
 	IsNode() bool
 }
 
-func GetCallbackFunctionFromContext(ctx context.Context) any {
-	return ctx.Value(texttemplate.CallbackContextKey)
-}
-
-func SetCallbackFunctionInContext(ctx context.Context, fn any) context.Context {
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, texttemplate.CallbackContextKey, fn)
-}
-
 const hugoNewLinePlaceholder = "___hugonl_"
 
-var (
-	stripHTMLReplacerPre = strings.NewReplacer("\n", " ", "</p>", hugoNewLinePlaceholder, "<br>", hugoNewLinePlaceholder, "<br />", hugoNewLinePlaceholder)
-	whitespaceRe         = regexp.MustCompile(`\s+`)
-)
+var stripHTMLReplacerPre = strings.NewReplacer("\n", " ", "</p>", hugoNewLinePlaceholder, "<br>", hugoNewLinePlaceholder, "<br />", hugoNewLinePlaceholder)
 
 // StripHTML strips out all HTML tags in s.
 func StripHTML(s string) string {
diff --git a/tpl/template_info.go b/tpl/template_info.go
index 5f748d682..b27debf1f 100644
--- a/tpl/template_info.go
+++ b/tpl/template_info.go
@@ -13,18 +13,11 @@
 
 package tpl
 
-import (
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
-)
-
 // Increments on breaking changes.
 const TemplateVersion = 2
 
 type Info interface {
 	ParseInfo() ParseInfo
-
-	// Identifies this template and its dependencies.
-	identity.Provider
 }
 
 type FileInfo interface {
@@ -32,13 +25,6 @@ type FileInfo interface {
 	Filename() string
 }
 
-type InfoManager interface {
-	ParseInfo() ParseInfo
-
-	// Identifies and manages this template and its dependencies.
-	identity.Manager
-}
-
 type ParseInfo struct {
 	// Set for shortcode templates with any {{ .Inner }}
 	IsInner bool
diff --git a/tpl/template_test.go b/tpl/template_test.go
index d989b7158..333513a3d 100644
--- a/tpl/template_test.go
+++ b/tpl/template_test.go
@@ -67,5 +67,3 @@ More text here.</p>
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-const tstHTMLContent = "<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><script src=\"http://two/foobar.js\"></script></head><body><nav><ul><li hugo-nav=\"section_0\"></li><li hugo-nav=\"section_1\"></li></ul></nav><article>content <a href=\"http://two/foobar\">foobar</a>. Follow up</article><p>This is some text.<br>And some more.</p></body></html>"
diff --git a/tpl/templates/integration_test.go b/tpl/templates/integration_test.go
index 7935fa5e3..7e0bcc824 100644
--- a/tpl/templates/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/templates/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
diff --git a/tpl/time/init.go b/tpl/time/init.go
index 01783270f..5f9dd77bf 100644
--- a/tpl/time/init.go
+++ b/tpl/time/init.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func init() {
 
 				// 3 or more arguments. Currently not supported.
 				default:
-					return nil, errors.New("Invalid arguments supplied to `time`. Refer to time documentation: https://gohugo.io/functions/time/")
+					return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments supplied to `time`")
 				}
 			},
 		}
diff --git a/tpl/time/time.go b/tpl/time/time.go
index cd78b83aa..57b115f35 100644
--- a/tpl/time/time.go
+++ b/tpl/time/time.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package time
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
-	_time "time"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 
@@ -47,14 +46,13 @@ func (ns *Namespace) AsTime(v any, args ...any) (any, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		loc, err = _time.LoadLocation(locStr)
+		loc, err = time.LoadLocation(locStr)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
 
 	return htime.ToTimeInDefaultLocationE(v, loc)
-
 }
 
 // Format converts the textual representation of the datetime string in v into
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Format(layout string, v any) (string, error) {
 }
 
 // Now returns the current local time or `clock` time
-func (ns *Namespace) Now() _time.Time {
+func (ns *Namespace) Now() time.Time {
 	return htime.Now()
 }
 
@@ -79,34 +77,34 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Now() _time.Time {
 // such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m".
 // Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
 // See https://golang.org/pkg/time/#ParseDuration
-func (ns *Namespace) ParseDuration(s any) (_time.Duration, error) {
+func (ns *Namespace) ParseDuration(s any) (time.Duration, error) {
 	ss, err := cast.ToStringE(s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
-	return _time.ParseDuration(ss)
+	return time.ParseDuration(ss)
 }
 
-var durationUnits = map[string]_time.Duration{
-	"nanosecond":  _time.Nanosecond,
-	"ns":          _time.Nanosecond,
-	"microsecond": _time.Microsecond,
-	"us":          _time.Microsecond,
-	"µs":          _time.Microsecond,
-	"millisecond": _time.Millisecond,
-	"ms":          _time.Millisecond,
-	"second":      _time.Second,
-	"s":           _time.Second,
-	"minute":      _time.Minute,
-	"m":           _time.Minute,
-	"hour":        _time.Hour,
-	"h":           _time.Hour,
+var durationUnits = map[string]time.Duration{
+	"nanosecond":  time.Nanosecond,
+	"ns":          time.Nanosecond,
+	"microsecond": time.Microsecond,
+	"us":          time.Microsecond,
+	"µs":          time.Microsecond,
+	"millisecond": time.Millisecond,
+	"ms":          time.Millisecond,
+	"second":      time.Second,
+	"s":           time.Second,
+	"minute":      time.Minute,
+	"m":           time.Minute,
+	"hour":        time.Hour,
+	"h":           time.Hour,
 }
 
 // Duration converts the given number to a time.Duration.
 // Unit is one of nanosecond/ns, microsecond/us/µs, millisecond/ms, second/s, minute/m or hour/h.
-func (ns *Namespace) Duration(unit any, number any) (_time.Duration, error) {
+func (ns *Namespace) Duration(unit any, number any) (time.Duration, error) {
 	unitStr, err := cast.ToStringE(unit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -119,5 +117,5 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Duration(unit any, number any) (_time.Duration, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	return _time.Duration(n) * unitDuration, nil
+	return time.Duration(n) * unitDuration, nil
 }
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template.go
index 053b53b53..a8ba6815d 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template.go
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
 
 	htmltemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/htmltemplate"
 	texttemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate"
@@ -121,10 +120,6 @@ func needsBaseTemplate(templ string) bool {
 	return baseTemplateDefineRe.MatchString(templ[idx:])
 }
 
-func newIdentity(name string) identity.Manager {
-	return identity.NewManager(identity.NewPathIdentity(files.ComponentFolderLayouts, name))
-}
-
 func newStandaloneTextTemplate(funcs map[string]any) tpl.TemplateParseFinder {
 	return &textTemplateWrapperWithLock{
 		RWMutex:  &sync.RWMutex{},
@@ -147,7 +142,6 @@ func newTemplateHandlers(d *deps.Deps) (*tpl.TemplateHandlers, error) {
 	h := &templateHandler{
 		nameBaseTemplateName: make(map[string]string),
 		transformNotFound:    make(map[string]*templateState),
-		identityNotFound:     make(map[string][]identity.Manager),
 
 		shortcodes:   make(map[string]*shortcodeTemplates),
 		templateInfo: make(map[string]tpl.Info),
@@ -187,7 +181,6 @@ func newTemplateHandlers(d *deps.Deps) (*tpl.TemplateHandlers, error) {
 		Tmpl:    e,
 		TxtTmpl: newStandaloneTextTemplate(funcMap),
 	}, nil
-
 }
 
 func newTemplateNamespace(funcs map[string]any) *templateNamespace {
@@ -200,13 +193,16 @@ func newTemplateNamespace(funcs map[string]any) *templateNamespace {
 	}
 }
 
-func newTemplateState(templ tpl.Template, info templateInfo) *templateState {
+func newTemplateState(templ tpl.Template, info templateInfo, id identity.Identity) *templateState {
+	if id == nil {
+		id = info
+	}
 	return &templateState{
 		info:      info,
 		typ:       info.resolveType(),
 		Template:  templ,
-		Manager:   newIdentity(info.name),
 		parseInfo: tpl.DefaultParseInfo,
+		id:        id,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -288,7 +284,7 @@ func (t *templateExec) UnusedTemplates() []tpl.FileInfo {
 
 	for _, ts := range t.main.templates {
 		ti := ts.info
-		if strings.HasPrefix(ti.name, "_internal/") || ti.realFilename == "" {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(ti.name, "_internal/") || ti.meta == nil {
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -346,9 +342,6 @@ type templateHandler struct {
 	// AST transformation pass.
 	transformNotFound map[string]*templateState
 
-	// Holds identities of templates not found during first pass.
-	identityNotFound map[string][]identity.Manager
-
 	// shortcodes maps shortcode name to template variants
 	// (language, output format etc.) of that shortcode.
 	shortcodes map[string]*shortcodeTemplates
@@ -405,7 +398,6 @@ func (t *templateHandler) LookupLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Form
 	cacheVal := layoutCacheEntry{found: found, templ: templ, err: err}
 	t.layoutTemplateCache[key] = cacheVal
 	return cacheVal.templ, cacheVal.found, cacheVal.err
-
 }
 
 // This currently only applies to shortcodes and what we get here is the
@@ -456,6 +448,22 @@ func (t *templateHandler) HasTemplate(name string) bool {
 	return found
 }
 
+func (t *templateHandler) GetIdentity(name string) (identity.Identity, bool) {
+	if _, found := t.needsBaseof[name]; found {
+		return identity.StringIdentity(name), true
+	}
+
+	if _, found := t.baseof[name]; found {
+		return identity.StringIdentity(name), true
+	}
+
+	tt, found := t.Lookup(name)
+	if !found {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return tt.(identity.IdentityProvider).GetIdentity(), found
+}
+
 func (t *templateHandler) findLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Format) (tpl.Template, bool, error) {
 	d.OutputFormatName = f.Name
 	d.Suffix = f.MediaType.FirstSuffix.Suffix
@@ -488,13 +496,10 @@ func (t *templateHandler) findLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Format
 			return nil, false, err
 		}
 
-		ts := newTemplateState(templ, overlay)
+		ts := newTemplateState(templ, overlay, identity.Or(base, overlay))
 
 		if found {
 			ts.baseInfo = base
-
-			// Add the base identity to detect changes
-			ts.Add(identity.NewPathIdentity(files.ComponentFolderLayouts, base.name))
 		}
 
 		t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, ts)
@@ -510,13 +515,6 @@ func (t *templateHandler) findLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Format
 	return nil, false, nil
 }
 
-func (t *templateHandler) findTemplate(name string) *templateState {
-	if templ, found := t.Lookup(name); found {
-		return templ.(*templateState)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (t *templateHandler) newTemplateInfo(name, tpl string) templateInfo {
 	var isText bool
 	name, isText = t.nameIsText(name)
@@ -539,9 +537,8 @@ func (t *templateHandler) addFileContext(templ tpl.Template, inerr error) error
 
 	identifiers := t.extractIdentifiers(inerr.Error())
 
-	//lint:ignore ST1008 the error is the main result
 	checkFilename := func(info templateInfo, inErr error) (error, bool) {
-		if info.filename == "" {
+		if info.meta == nil {
 			return inErr, false
 		}
 
@@ -560,13 +557,13 @@ func (t *templateHandler) addFileContext(templ tpl.Template, inerr error) error
 			return -1
 		}
 
-		f, err := t.layoutsFs.Open(info.filename)
+		f, err := info.meta.Open()
 		if err != nil {
 			return inErr, false
 		}
 		defer f.Close()
 
-		fe := herrors.NewFileErrorFromName(inErr, info.realFilename)
+		fe := herrors.NewFileErrorFromName(inErr, info.meta.Filename)
 		fe.UpdateContent(f, lineMatcher)
 
 		if !fe.ErrorContext().Position.IsValid() {
@@ -621,37 +618,33 @@ func (t *templateHandler) addShortcodeVariant(ts *templateState) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *templateHandler) addTemplateFile(name, path string) error {
-	getTemplate := func(filename string) (templateInfo, error) {
-		fs := t.Layouts.Fs
-		b, err := afero.ReadFile(fs, filename)
+func (t *templateHandler) addTemplateFile(name string, fim hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+	getTemplate := func(fim hugofs.FileMetaInfo) (templateInfo, error) {
+		meta := fim.Meta()
+		f, err := meta.Open()
 		if err != nil {
-			return templateInfo{filename: filename, fs: fs}, err
+			return templateInfo{meta: meta}, err
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+		b, err := io.ReadAll(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			return templateInfo{meta: meta}, err
 		}
 
 		s := removeLeadingBOM(string(b))
 
-		realFilename := filename
-		if fi, err := fs.Stat(filename); err == nil {
-			if fim, ok := fi.(hugofs.FileMetaInfo); ok {
-				realFilename = fim.Meta().Filename
-			}
-		}
-
 		var isText bool
 		name, isText = t.nameIsText(name)
 
 		return templateInfo{
-			name:         name,
-			isText:       isText,
-			template:     s,
-			filename:     filename,
-			realFilename: realFilename,
-			fs:           fs,
+			name:     name,
+			isText:   isText,
+			template: s,
+			meta:     meta,
 		}, nil
 	}
 
-	tinfo, err := getTemplate(path)
+	tinfo, err := getTemplate(fim)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -741,11 +734,6 @@ func (t *templateHandler) applyTemplateTransformers(ns *templateNamespace, ts *t
 
 	for k := range c.templateNotFound {
 		t.transformNotFound[k] = ts
-		t.identityNotFound[k] = append(t.identityNotFound[k], c.t)
-	}
-
-	for k := range c.identityNotFound {
-		t.identityNotFound[k] = append(t.identityNotFound[k], c.t)
 	}
 
 	return c, err
@@ -804,9 +792,9 @@ func (t *templateHandler) loadEmbedded() error {
 }
 
 func (t *templateHandler) loadTemplates() error {
-	walker := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
-		if err != nil || fi.IsDir() {
-			return err
+	walker := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+		if fi.IsDir() {
+			return nil
 		}
 
 		if isDotFile(path) || isBackupFile(path) {
@@ -822,14 +810,14 @@ func (t *templateHandler) loadTemplates() error {
 			name = textTmplNamePrefix + name
 		}
 
-		if err := t.addTemplateFile(name, path); err != nil {
+		if err := t.addTemplateFile(name, fi); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if err := helpers.SymbolicWalk(t.Layouts.Fs, "", walker); err != nil {
+	if err := helpers.Walk(t.Layouts.Fs, "", walker); err != nil {
 		if !herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -861,7 +849,7 @@ func (t *templateHandler) extractPartials(templ tpl.Template) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		ts := newTemplateState(templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()})
+		ts := newTemplateState(templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()}, nil)
 		ts.typ = templatePartial
 
 		t.main.mu.RLock()
@@ -927,15 +915,6 @@ func (t *templateHandler) postTransform() error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	for k, v := range t.identityNotFound {
-		ts := t.findTemplate(k)
-		if ts != nil {
-			for _, im := range v {
-				im.Add(ts)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	for _, v := range t.shortcodes {
 		sort.Slice(v.variants, func(i, j int) bool {
 			v1, v2 := v.variants[i], v.variants[j]
@@ -1008,7 +987,7 @@ func (t *templateNamespace) newTemplateLookup(in *templateState) func(name strin
 			return templ
 		}
 		if templ, found := findTemplateIn(name, in); found {
-			return newTemplateState(templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()})
+			return newTemplateState(templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()}, nil)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -1026,7 +1005,7 @@ func (t *templateNamespace) parse(info templateInfo) (*templateState, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		ts := newTemplateState(templ, info)
+		ts := newTemplateState(templ, info, nil)
 
 		t.templates[info.name] = ts
 
@@ -1040,7 +1019,7 @@ func (t *templateNamespace) parse(info templateInfo) (*templateState, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	ts := newTemplateState(templ, info)
+	ts := newTemplateState(templ, info, nil)
 
 	t.templates[info.name] = ts
 
@@ -1052,12 +1031,16 @@ type templateState struct {
 
 	typ       templateType
 	parseInfo tpl.ParseInfo
-	identity.Manager
+	id        identity.Identity
 
 	info     templateInfo
 	baseInfo templateInfo // Set when a base template is used.
 }
 
+func (t *templateState) GetIdentity() identity.Identity {
+	return t.id
+}
+
 func (t *templateState) ParseInfo() tpl.ParseInfo {
 	return t.parseInfo
 }
@@ -1066,6 +1049,10 @@ func (t *templateState) isText() bool {
 	return isText(t.Template)
 }
 
+func (t *templateState) String() string {
+	return t.Name()
+}
+
 func isText(templ tpl.Template) bool {
 	_, isText := templ.(*texttemplate.Template)
 	return isText
@@ -1076,11 +1063,6 @@ type templateStateMap struct {
 	templates map[string]*templateState
 }
 
-type templateWrapperWithLock struct {
-	*sync.RWMutex
-	tpl.Template
-}
-
 type textTemplateWrapperWithLock struct {
 	*sync.RWMutex
 	*texttemplate.Template
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go
index 8d5d8d1b3..92558a903 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go
@@ -14,17 +14,14 @@
 package tplimpl
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
 	htmltemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/htmltemplate"
 	texttemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/parse"
 
-	"errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
@@ -41,7 +38,6 @@ const (
 type templateContext struct {
 	visited          map[string]bool
 	templateNotFound map[string]bool
-	identityNotFound map[string]bool
 	lookupFn         func(name string) *templateState
 
 	// The last error encountered.
@@ -74,19 +70,20 @@ func (c templateContext) getIfNotVisited(name string) *templateState {
 
 func newTemplateContext(
 	t *templateState,
-	lookupFn func(name string) *templateState) *templateContext {
+	lookupFn func(name string) *templateState,
+) *templateContext {
 	return &templateContext{
 		t:                t,
 		lookupFn:         lookupFn,
 		visited:          make(map[string]bool),
 		templateNotFound: make(map[string]bool),
-		identityNotFound: make(map[string]bool),
 	}
 }
 
 func applyTemplateTransformers(
 	t *templateState,
-	lookupFn func(name string) *templateState) (*templateContext, error) {
+	lookupFn func(name string) *templateState,
+) (*templateContext, error) {
 	if t == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("expected template, but none provided")
 	}
@@ -179,7 +176,6 @@ func (c *templateContext) applyTransformations(n parse.Node) (bool, error) {
 		}
 
 	case *parse.CommandNode:
-		c.collectPartialInfo(x)
 		c.collectInner(x)
 		keep := c.collectReturnNode(x)
 
@@ -280,39 +276,6 @@ func (c *templateContext) collectInner(n *parse.CommandNode) {
 	}
 }
 
-var partialRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^partial(Cached)?$|^partials\.Include(Cached)?$`)
-
-func (c *templateContext) collectPartialInfo(x *parse.CommandNode) {
-	if len(x.Args) < 2 {
-		return
-	}
-
-	first := x.Args[0]
-	var id string
-	switch v := first.(type) {
-	case *parse.IdentifierNode:
-		id = v.Ident
-	case *parse.ChainNode:
-		id = v.String()
-	}
-
-	if partialRe.MatchString(id) {
-		partialName := strings.Trim(x.Args[1].String(), "\"")
-		if !strings.Contains(partialName, ".") {
-			partialName += ".html"
-		}
-		partialName = "partials/" + partialName
-		info := c.lookupFn(partialName)
-
-		if info != nil {
-			c.t.Add(info)
-		} else {
-			// Delay for later
-			c.identityNotFound[partialName] = true
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func (c *templateContext) collectReturnNode(n *parse.CommandNode) bool {
 	if c.t.typ != templatePartial || c.returnNode != nil {
 		return true
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go
index 90ca325ab..bd889b832 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ func newTestTemplate(templ tpl.Template) *templateState {
 		templateInfo{
 			name: templ.Name(),
 		},
+		nil,
 	)
 }
 
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template_errors.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template_errors.go
index ac8a72df5..34e73a07a 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template_errors.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template_errors.go
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 )
 
+var _ identity.Identity = (*templateInfo)(nil)
+
 type templateInfo struct {
 	name     string
 	template string
 	isText   bool // HTML or plain text template.
 
-	// Used to create some error context in error situations
-	fs afero.Fs
-
-	// The filename relative to the fs above.
-	filename string
+	meta *hugofs.FileMeta
+}
 
-	// The real filename (if possible). Used for logging.
-	realFilename string
+func (t templateInfo) IdentifierBase() string {
+	return t.name
 }
 
 func (t templateInfo) Name() string {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (t templateInfo) Name() string {
 }
 
 func (t templateInfo) Filename() string {
-	return t.realFilename
+	return t.meta.Filename
 }
 
 func (t templateInfo) IsZero() bool {
@@ -53,12 +53,11 @@ func (t templateInfo) resolveType() templateType {
 
 func (info templateInfo) errWithFileContext(what string, err error) error {
 	err = fmt.Errorf(what+": %w", err)
-	fe := herrors.NewFileErrorFromName(err, info.realFilename)
-	f, err := info.fs.Open(info.filename)
+	fe := herrors.NewFileErrorFromName(err, info.meta.Filename)
+	f, err := info.meta.Open()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 	return fe.UpdateContent(f, nil)
-
 }
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template_funcs.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template_funcs.go
index 97d1b40dd..8997c83d6 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template_funcs.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template_funcs.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hreflect"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 
 	template "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/htmltemplate"
@@ -65,9 +66,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	_                texttemplate.ExecHelper = (*templateExecHelper)(nil)
-	zero             reflect.Value
-	contextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
+	_    texttemplate.ExecHelper = (*templateExecHelper)(nil)
+	zero reflect.Value
 )
 
 type templateExecHelper struct {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func (t *templateExecHelper) GetFunc(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Prep
 	if fn, found := t.funcs[name]; found {
 		if fn.Type().NumIn() > 0 {
 			first := fn.Type().In(0)
-			if first.Implements(contextInterface) {
+			if hreflect.IsContextType(first) {
 				// TODO(bep) check if we can void this conversion every time -- and if that matters.
 				// The first argument may be context.Context. This is never provided by the end user, but it's used to pass down
 				// contextual information, e.g. the top level data context (e.g. Page).
@@ -95,6 +95,13 @@ func (t *templateExecHelper) GetFunc(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Prep
 }
 
 func (t *templateExecHelper) Init(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Preparer) {
+	if t.running {
+		_, ok := tmpl.(identity.IdentityProvider)
+		if ok {
+			t.trackDependencies(ctx, tmpl, "", reflect.Value{})
+		}
+
+	}
 }
 
 func (t *templateExecHelper) GetMapValue(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Preparer, receiver, key reflect.Value) (reflect.Value, bool) {
@@ -116,22 +123,14 @@ func (t *templateExecHelper) GetMapValue(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.
 var typeParams = reflect.TypeOf(maps.Params{})
 
 func (t *templateExecHelper) GetMethod(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Preparer, receiver reflect.Value, name string) (method reflect.Value, firstArg reflect.Value) {
-	if t.running {
-		switch name {
-		case "GetPage", "Render":
-			if info, ok := tmpl.(tpl.Info); ok {
-				if m := receiver.MethodByName(name + "WithTemplateInfo"); m.IsValid() {
-					return m, reflect.ValueOf(info)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	if strings.EqualFold(name, "mainsections") && receiver.Type() == typeParams && receiver.Pointer() == t.siteParams.Pointer() {
-		// MOved to site.MainSections in Hugo 0.112.0.
+		// Moved to site.MainSections in Hugo 0.112.0.
 		receiver = t.site
 		name = "MainSections"
+	}
 
+	if t.running {
+		ctx = t.trackDependencies(ctx, tmpl, name, receiver)
 	}
 
 	fn := hreflect.GetMethodByName(receiver, name)
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ func (t *templateExecHelper) GetMethod(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Pr
 
 	if fn.Type().NumIn() > 0 {
 		first := fn.Type().In(0)
-		if first.Implements(contextInterface) {
+		if hreflect.IsContextType(first) {
 			// The first argument may be context.Context. This is never provided by the end user, but it's used to pass down
 			// contextual information, e.g. the top level data context (e.g. Page).
 			return fn, reflect.ValueOf(ctx)
@@ -151,6 +150,43 @@ func (t *templateExecHelper) GetMethod(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Pr
 	return fn, zero
 }
 
+func (t *templateExecHelper) trackDependencies(ctx context.Context, tmpl texttemplate.Preparer, name string, receiver reflect.Value) context.Context {
+	if tmpl == nil {
+		panic("must provide a template")
+	}
+
+	idm := tpl.Context.GetDependencyManagerInCurrentScope(ctx)
+	if idm == nil {
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	if info, ok := tmpl.(identity.IdentityProvider); ok {
+		idm.AddIdentity(info.GetIdentity())
+	}
+
+	// The receive is the "." in the method execution or map lookup, e.g. the Page in .Resources.
+	if hreflect.IsValid(receiver) {
+		in := receiver.Interface()
+
+		if idlp, ok := in.(identity.ForEeachIdentityByNameProvider); ok {
+			// This will skip repeated .RelPermalink usage on transformed resources
+			// which is not fingerprinted, e.g. to
+			// prevent all HTML pages to be re-rendered on a small CSS change.
+			idlp.ForEeachIdentityByName(name, func(id identity.Identity) bool {
+				idm.AddIdentity(id)
+				return false
+			})
+		} else {
+			identity.WalkIdentitiesShallow(in, func(level int, id identity.Identity) bool {
+				idm.AddIdentity(id)
+				return false
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ctx
+}
+
 func newTemplateExecuter(d *deps.Deps) (texttemplate.Executer, map[string]reflect.Value) {
 	funcs := createFuncMap(d)
 	funcsv := make(map[string]reflect.Value)
diff --git a/tpl/transform/integration_test.go b/tpl/transform/integration_test.go
index f035ec719..351420a67 100644
--- a/tpl/transform/integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/transform/integration_test.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ disableKinds = ['section','sitemap','taxonomy','term']
 ---
 title: p1
 ---
-a **b**  c
+a **b** ` + "\v" + ` c
 <!--more-->
   `
 	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
diff --git a/tpl/transform/transform.go b/tpl/transform/transform.go
index 8078bc0ce..7054c6988 100644
--- a/tpl/transform/transform.go
+++ b/tpl/transform/transform.go
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@ import (
 	"html/template"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/namedmemcache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/dynacache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/converter/hooks"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/highlight"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/highlight/chromalexers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
@@ -35,21 +36,23 @@ import (
 
 // New returns a new instance of the transform-namespaced template functions.
 func New(deps *deps.Deps) *Namespace {
-	cache := namedmemcache.New()
-	deps.BuildStartListeners.Add(
-		func() {
-			cache.Clear()
-		})
+	if deps.MemCache == nil {
+		panic("must provide MemCache")
+	}
 
 	return &Namespace{
-		cache: cache,
-		deps:  deps,
+		deps: deps,
+		cache: dynacache.GetOrCreatePartition[string, *resources.StaleValue[any]](
+			deps.MemCache,
+			"/tmpl/transform",
+			dynacache.OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: dynacache.ClearOnChange},
+		),
 	}
 }
 
 // Namespace provides template functions for the "transform" namespace.
 type Namespace struct {
-	cache *namedmemcache.Cache
+	cache *dynacache.Partition[string, *resources.StaleValue[any]]
 	deps  *deps.Deps
 }
 
@@ -154,7 +157,6 @@ func (ns *Namespace) XMLEscape(s any) (string, error) {
 
 // Markdownify renders s from Markdown to HTML.
 func (ns *Namespace) Markdownify(ctx context.Context, s any) (template.HTML, error) {
-
 	home := ns.deps.Site.Home()
 	if home == nil {
 		panic("home must not be nil")
diff --git a/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go b/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go
index 3936126ca..d876c88d7 100644
--- a/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go
+++ b/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
 package transform
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 
-	"errors"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Unmarshal(args ...any) (any, error) {
 			key += decoder.OptionsKey()
 		}
 
-		return ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func() (any, error) {
+		v, err := ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func(string) (*resources.StaleValue[any], error) {
 			f := metadecoders.FormatFromStrings(r.MediaType().Suffixes()...)
 			if f == "" {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("MIME %q not supported", r.MediaType())
@@ -88,8 +88,24 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Unmarshal(args ...any) (any, error) {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 
-			return decoder.Unmarshal(b, f)
+			v, err := decoder.Unmarshal(b, f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			return &resources.StaleValue[any]{
+				Value: v,
+				IsStaleFunc: func() bool {
+					return resource.IsStaleAny(r)
+				},
+			}, nil
 		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return v.Value, nil
+
 	}
 
 	dataStr, err := types.ToStringE(data)
@@ -103,14 +119,29 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Unmarshal(args ...any) (any, error) {
 
 	key := helpers.MD5String(dataStr)
 
-	return ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func() (any, error) {
+	v, err := ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func(string) (*resources.StaleValue[any], error) {
 		f := decoder.FormatFromContentString(dataStr)
 		if f == "" {
 			return nil, errors.New("unknown format")
 		}
 
-		return decoder.Unmarshal([]byte(dataStr), f)
+		v, err := decoder.Unmarshal([]byte(dataStr), f)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return &resources.StaleValue[any]{
+			Value: v,
+			IsStaleFunc: func() bool {
+				return false
+			},
+		}, nil
 	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return v.Value, nil
 }
 
 func decodeDecoder(m map[string]any) (metadecoders.Decoder, error) {
diff --git a/tpl/transform/unmarshal_test.go b/tpl/transform/unmarshal_test.go
index 12774298a..1b976c449 100644
--- a/tpl/transform/unmarshal_test.go
+++ b/tpl/transform/unmarshal_test.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package transform_test
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
 	"strings"
@@ -193,9 +194,11 @@ func BenchmarkUnmarshalString(b *testing.B) {
 		jsons[i] = strings.Replace(testJSON, "ROOT_KEY", fmt.Sprintf("root%d", i), 1)
 	}
 
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		result, err := ns.Unmarshal(jsons[rand.Intn(numJsons)])
+		result, err := ns.Unmarshal(ctx, jsons[rand.Intn(numJsons)])
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -220,9 +223,11 @@ func BenchmarkUnmarshalResource(b *testing.B) {
 		jsons[i] = testContentResource{key: key, content: strings.Replace(testJSON, "ROOT_KEY", key, 1), mime: media.Builtin.JSONType}
 	}
 
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		result, err := ns.Unmarshal(jsons[rand.Intn(numJsons)])
+		result, err := ns.Unmarshal(ctx, jsons[rand.Intn(numJsons)])
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
 		}