125 files changed, 177 insertions, 368 deletions

diff --git a/common/hashing/hashing.go b/common/hashing/hashing.go
index abf8e6b14..42194fd4d 100644
--- a/common/hashing/hashing.go
+++ b/common/hashing/hashing.go
@@ -15,11 +15,15 @@
 package hashing
 
 import (
+	"crypto/md5"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"io"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 )
 
 // XXHashFromReader calculates the xxHash for the given reader.
@@ -50,6 +54,82 @@ func XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(f string) string {
 	return hex.EncodeToString(hash)
 }
 
+// MD5FromStringHexEncoded returns the MD5 hash of the given string.
+func MD5FromStringHexEncoded(f string) string {
+	h := md5.New()
+	h.Write([]byte(f))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
+}
+
+// HashString returns a hash from the given elements.
+// It will panic if the hash cannot be calculated.
+// Note that this hash should be used primarily for identity, not for change detection as
+// it in the more complex values (e.g. Page) will not hash the full content.
+func HashString(vs ...any) string {
+	hash := HashUint64(vs...)
+	return strconv.FormatUint(hash, 10)
+}
+
+var hashOptsPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return &hashstructure.HashOptions{
+			Hasher: xxhash.New(),
+		}
+	},
+}
+
+func getHashOpts() *hashstructure.HashOptions {
+	return hashOptsPool.Get().(*hashstructure.HashOptions)
+}
+
+func putHashOpts(opts *hashstructure.HashOptions) {
+	opts.Hasher.Reset()
+	hashOptsPool.Put(opts)
+}
+
+// HashUint64 returns a hash from the given elements.
+// It will panic if the hash cannot be calculated.
+// Note that this hash should be used primarily for identity, not for change detection as
+// it in the more complex values (e.g. Page) will not hash the full content.
+func HashUint64(vs ...any) uint64 {
+	var o any
+	if len(vs) == 1 {
+		o = toHashable(vs[0])
+	} else {
+		elements := make([]any, len(vs))
+		for i, e := range vs {
+			elements[i] = toHashable(e)
+		}
+		o = elements
+	}
+
+	hashOpts := getHashOpts()
+	defer putHashOpts(hashOpts)
+
+	hash, err := hashstructure.Hash(o, hashOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+type keyer interface {
+	Key() string
+}
+
+// For structs, hashstructure.Hash only works on the exported fields,
+// so rewrite the input slice for known identity types.
+func toHashable(v any) any {
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case keyer:
+		return t.Key()
+	case identity.IdentityProvider:
+		return t.GetIdentity()
+	default:
+		return v
+	}
+}
+
 type xxhashReadFrom struct {
 	buff []byte
 	*xxhash.Digest
diff --git a/common/hashing/hashing_test.go b/common/hashing/hashing_test.go
index 2e79b36b9..e059b3da8 100644
--- a/common/hashing/hashing_test.go
+++ b/common/hashing/hashing_test.go
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
 package hashing
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )
 
@@ -72,8 +73,47 @@ func BenchmarkXXHashFromStringHexEncoded(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-func xxHashFromString(f string) uint64 {
-	h := xxhash.New()
-	h.WriteString(f)
-	return h.Sum64()
+func TestHashString(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(HashString("a", "b"), qt.Equals, "3176555414984061461")
+	c.Assert(HashString("ab"), qt.Equals, "7347350983217793633")
+
+	var vals []any = []any{"a", "b", tstKeyer{"c"}}
+
+	c.Assert(HashString(vals...), qt.Equals, "4438730547989914315")
+	c.Assert(vals[2], qt.Equals, tstKeyer{"c"})
+}
+
+type tstKeyer struct {
+	key string
+}
+
+func (t tstKeyer) Key() string {
+	return t.key
+}
+
+func (t tstKeyer) String() string {
+	return "key: " + t.key
+}
+
+func BenchmarkHashString(b *testing.B) {
+	word := " hello "
+
+	var tests []string
+
+	for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
+		sentence := strings.Repeat(word, int(math.Pow(4, float64(i))))
+		tests = append(tests, sentence)
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("n%d", len(test)), func(b *testing.B) {
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				HashString(test)
+			}
+		})
+	}
 }
diff --git a/common/loggers/handlersmisc.go b/common/loggers/handlersmisc.go
index 55bf8b940..2ae6300f7 100644
--- a/common/loggers/handlersmisc.go
+++ b/common/loggers/handlersmisc.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 )
 
 // PanicOnWarningHook panics on warnings.
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func (h *logOnceHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
 	}
 	h.mu.Lock()
 	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-	hash := identity.HashUint64(e.Level, e.Message, e.Fields)
+	hash := hashing.HashUint64(e.Level, e.Message, e.Fields)
 	if h.seen[hash] {
 		return errStop
 	}
diff --git a/config/namespace.go b/config/namespace.go
index b518c6c01..46b5014c3 100644
--- a/config/namespace.go
+++ b/config/namespace.go
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ package config
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 )
 
 func DecodeNamespace[S, C any](configSource any, buildConfig func(any) (C, any, error)) (*ConfigNamespace[S, C], error) {
 	// Calculate the hash of the input (not including any defaults applied later).
 	// This allows us to introduce new config options without breaking the hash.
-	h := identity.HashString(configSource)
+	h := hashing.HashString(configSource)
 
 	// Build the config
 	c, ext, err := buildConfig(configSource)
diff --git a/helpers/general.go b/helpers/general.go
index a294455dd..11cc185a8 100644
--- a/helpers/general.go
+++ b/helpers/general.go
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ package helpers
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"crypto/md5"
-	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
@@ -257,66 +255,6 @@ func SliceToLower(s []string) []string {
 	return l
 }
 
-// XXHashFromReader creates a xxHash hash from the given reader.
-
-// MD5String takes a string and returns its MD5 hash.
-func MD5String(f string) string {
-	h := md5.New()
-	h.Write([]byte(f))
-	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum([]byte{}))
-}
-
-// MD5FromReaderFast creates a MD5 hash from the given file. It only reads parts of
-// the file for speed, so don't use it if the files are very subtly different.
-// It will not close the file.
-// It will return the MD5 hash and the size of r in bytes.
-func MD5FromReaderFast(r io.ReadSeeker) (string, int64, error) {
-	const (
-		// Do not change once set in stone!
-		maxChunks = 8
-		peekSize  = 64
-		seek      = 2048
-	)
-
-	h := md5.New()
-	buff := make([]byte, peekSize)
-
-	for i := 0; i < maxChunks; i++ {
-		if i > 0 {
-			_, err := r.Seek(seek, 0)
-			if err != nil {
-				if err == io.EOF {
-					break
-				}
-				return "", 0, err
-			}
-		}
-
-		_, err := io.ReadAtLeast(r, buff, peekSize)
-		if err != nil {
-			if err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
-				h.Write(buff)
-				break
-			}
-			return "", 0, err
-		}
-		h.Write(buff)
-	}
-
-	size, _ := r.Seek(0, io.SeekEnd)
-
-	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), size, nil
-}
-
-// MD5FromReader creates a MD5 hash from the given reader.
-func MD5FromReader(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
-	h := md5.New()
-	if _, err := io.Copy(h, r); err != nil {
-		return "", nil
-	}
-	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), nil
-}
-
 // IsWhitespace determines if the given rune is whitespace.
 func IsWhitespace(r rune) bool {
 	return r == ' ' || r == '\t' || r == '\n' || r == '\r'
diff --git a/helpers/general_test.go b/helpers/general_test.go
index 7bef1b776..686e95ded 100644
--- a/helpers/general_test.go
+++ b/helpers/general_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package helpers_test
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )
 
 func TestResolveMarkup(t *testing.T) {
@@ -256,93 +254,6 @@ func TestUniqueStringsSorted(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(nil), qt.IsNil)
 }
 
-func TestFastMD5FromFile(t *testing.T) {
-	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
-
-	if err := afero.WriteFile(fs, "small.txt", []byte("abc"), 0o777); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if err := afero.WriteFile(fs, "small2.txt", []byte("abd"), 0o777); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if err := afero.WriteFile(fs, "bigger.txt", []byte(strings.Repeat("a bc d e", 100)), 0o777); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if err := afero.WriteFile(fs, "bigger2.txt", []byte(strings.Repeat("c d e f g", 100)), 0o777); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	sf1, err := fs.Open("small.txt")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	sf2, err := fs.Open("small2.txt")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	bf1, err := fs.Open("bigger.txt")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	bf2, err := fs.Open("bigger2.txt")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	defer sf1.Close()
-	defer sf2.Close()
-	defer bf1.Close()
-	defer bf2.Close()
-
-	m1, _, err := helpers.MD5FromReaderFast(sf1)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(m1, qt.Equals, "e9c8989b64b71a88b4efb66ad05eea96")
-
-	m2, _, err := helpers.MD5FromReaderFast(sf2)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(m2, qt.Not(qt.Equals), m1)
-
-	m3, _, err := helpers.MD5FromReaderFast(bf1)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(m3, qt.Not(qt.Equals), m2)
-
-	m4, _, err := helpers.MD5FromReaderFast(bf2)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(m4, qt.Not(qt.Equals), m3)
-
-	m5, err := helpers.MD5FromReader(bf2)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(m5, qt.Not(qt.Equals), m4)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkMD5FromFileFast(b *testing.B) {
-	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
-
-	for _, full := range []bool{false, true} {
-		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("full=%t", full), func(b *testing.B) {
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-				b.StopTimer()
-				if err := afero.WriteFile(fs, "file.txt", []byte(strings.Repeat("1234567890", 2000)), 0o777); err != nil {
-					b.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				f, err := fs.Open("file.txt")
-				if err != nil {
-					b.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				b.StartTimer()
-				if full {
-					if _, err := helpers.MD5FromReader(f); err != nil {
-						b.Fatal(err)
-					}
-				} else {
-					if _, _, err := helpers.MD5FromReaderFast(f); err != nil {
-						b.Fatal(err)
-					}
-				}
-				f.Close()
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func BenchmarkUniqueStrings(b *testing.B) {
 	input := []string{"a", "b", "d", "e", "d", "h", "a", "i"}
 
diff --git a/hugolib/page__meta.go b/hugolib/page__meta.go
index fbc1a8aa1..b23084a47 100644
--- a/hugolib/page__meta.go
+++ b/hugolib/page__meta.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gobuffalo/flect"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/converter"
 	xmaps "golang.org/x/exp/maps"
@@ -32,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/source"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/constants"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ func (ps *pageState) setMetaPost(cascade map[page.PageMatcher]maps.Params) error
 	ps.m.setMetaPostCount++
 	var cascadeHashPre uint64
 	if ps.m.setMetaPostCount > 1 {
-		cascadeHashPre = identity.HashUint64(ps.m.pageConfig.CascadeCompiled)
+		cascadeHashPre = hashing.HashUint64(ps.m.pageConfig.CascadeCompiled)
 		ps.m.pageConfig.CascadeCompiled = xmaps.Clone[map[page.PageMatcher]maps.Params](ps.m.cascadeOriginal)
 
 	}
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ func (ps *pageState) setMetaPost(cascade map[page.PageMatcher]maps.Params) error
 	}
 
 	if ps.m.setMetaPostCount > 1 {
-		ps.m.setMetaPostCascadeChanged = cascadeHashPre != identity.HashUint64(ps.m.pageConfig.CascadeCompiled)
+		ps.m.setMetaPostCascadeChanged = cascadeHashPre != hashing.HashUint64(ps.m.pageConfig.CascadeCompiled)
 		if !ps.m.setMetaPostCascadeChanged {
 
 			// No changes, restore any value that may be changed by aggregation.
diff --git a/hugolib/page_test.go b/hugolib/page_test.go
index 8919c246c..a1eb43430 100644
--- a/hugolib/page_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/page_test.go
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/bep/clocks"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/asciidocext"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/markup/rst"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 
@@ -2040,8 +2040,8 @@ title: "p2"
 
 	b.Assert(p1, qt.Not(qt.Equals), p2)
 
-	b.Assert(identity.HashString(p1), qt.Not(qt.Equals), identity.HashString(p2))
-	b.Assert(identity.HashString(sites[0]), qt.Not(qt.Equals), identity.HashString(sites[1]))
+	b.Assert(hashing.HashString(p1), qt.Not(qt.Equals), hashing.HashString(p2))
+	b.Assert(hashing.HashString(sites[0]), qt.Not(qt.Equals), hashing.HashString(sites[1]))
 }
 
 // Issue #11243
diff --git a/hugolib/pagebundler_test.go b/hugolib/pagebundler_test.go
index 302201a1f..e4da75a72 100644
--- a/hugolib/pagebundler_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/pagebundler_test.go
@@ -19,12 +19,11 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/kinds"
@@ -701,13 +700,13 @@ bundle min min key: {{ $jsonMinMin.Key }}
 			b.AssertFileContent(index, fmt.Sprintf("data content unmarshaled: v%d", i))
 			b.AssertFileContent(index, fmt.Sprintf("data assets content unmarshaled: v%d", i))
 
-			md5Asset := helpers.MD5String(fmt.Sprintf(`vdata: v%d`, i))
+			md5Asset := hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(fmt.Sprintf(`vdata: v%d`, i))
 			b.AssertFileContent(index, fmt.Sprintf("assets fingerprinted: /data%d/data.%s.yaml", i, md5Asset))
 
 			// The original is not used, make sure it's not published.
 			b.Assert(b.CheckExists(fmt.Sprintf("public/data%d/data.yaml", i)), qt.Equals, false)
 
-			md5Bundle := helpers.MD5String(fmt.Sprintf(`data: v%d`, i))
+			md5Bundle := hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(fmt.Sprintf(`data: v%d`, i))
 			b.AssertFileContent(index, fmt.Sprintf("bundle fingerprinted: /bundle%d/data.%s.yaml", i, md5Bundle))
 
 			b.AssertFileContent(index,
diff --git a/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl.go b/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl.go
index 4107f9e33..fd7213bd9 100644
--- a/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl.go
+++ b/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"path/filepath"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ type BuildState struct {
 }
 
 func (b *BuildState) hash(v any) uint64 {
-	return identity.HashUint64(v)
+	return hashing.HashUint64(v)
 }
 
 func (b *BuildState) checkHasChangedAndSetSourceInfo(changedPath string, v any) bool {
diff --git a/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go b/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go
index 1365db72c..fa25a2768 100644
--- a/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ import (
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource_transformers/tocss/scss"
 )
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ FAILED REMOTE ERROR DETAILS CONTENT: |failed to fetch remote resource: Not Imple
 |StatusCode: 501|ContentLength: 16|ContentType: text/plain; charset=utf-8|
 
 
-`, identity.HashString(ts.URL+"/sunset.jpg", map[string]any{})))
+`, hashing.HashString(ts.URL+"/sunset.jpg", map[string]any{})))
 
 		b.AssertFileContent("public/styles.min.a1df58687c3c9cc38bf26532f7b4b2f2c2b0315dcde212376959995c04f11fef.css", "body{background-color:#add8e6}")
 		b.AssertFileContent("public//styles2.min.1cfc52986836405d37f9998a63fd6dd8608e8c410e5e3db1daaa30f78bc273ba.css", "body{background-color:orange}")
diff --git a/identity/identityhash.go b/identity/identityhash.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 669a00a49..000000000
--- a/identity/identityhash.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package identity
-
-import (
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure"
-)
-
-// HashString returns a hash from the given elements.
-// It will panic if the hash cannot be calculated.
-// Note that this hash should be used primarily for identity, not for change detection as
-// it in the more complex values (e.g. Page) will not hash the full content.
-func HashString(vs ...any) string {
-	hash := HashUint64(vs...)
-	return strconv.FormatUint(hash, 10)
-}
-
-var hashOptsPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		return &hashstructure.HashOptions{
-			Hasher: xxhash.New(),
-		}
-	},
-}
-
-func getHashOpts() *hashstructure.HashOptions {
-	return hashOptsPool.Get().(*hashstructure.HashOptions)
-}
-
-func putHashOpts(opts *hashstructure.HashOptions) {
-	opts.Hasher.Reset()
-	hashOptsPool.Put(opts)
-}
-
-// HashUint64 returns a hash from the given elements.
-// It will panic if the hash cannot be calculated.
-// Note that this hash should be used primarily for identity, not for change detection as
-// it in the more complex values (e.g. Page) will not hash the full content.
-func HashUint64(vs ...any) uint64 {
-	var o any
-	if len(vs) == 1 {
-		o = toHashable(vs[0])
-	} else {
-		elements := make([]any, len(vs))
-		for i, e := range vs {
-			elements[i] = toHashable(e)
-		}
-		o = elements
-	}
-
-	hashOpts := getHashOpts()
-	defer putHashOpts(hashOpts)
-
-	hash, err := hashstructure.Hash(o, hashOpts)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return hash
-}
-
-type keyer interface {
-	Key() string
-}
-
-// For structs, hashstructure.Hash only works on the exported fields,
-// so rewrite the input slice for known identity types.
-func toHashable(v any) any {
-	switch t := v.(type) {
-	case keyer:
-		return t.Key()
-	case IdentityProvider:
-		return t.GetIdentity()
-	default:
-		return v
-	}
-}
diff --git a/identity/identityhash_test.go b/identity/identityhash_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index fee38c8fe..000000000
--- a/identity/identityhash_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package identity
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"math"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestHashString(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	c.Assert(HashString("a", "b"), qt.Equals, "3176555414984061461")
-	c.Assert(HashString("ab"), qt.Equals, "7347350983217793633")
-
-	var vals []any = []any{"a", "b", tstKeyer{"c"}}
-
-	c.Assert(HashString(vals...), qt.Equals, "4438730547989914315")
-	c.Assert(vals[2], qt.Equals, tstKeyer{"c"})
-}
-
-type tstKeyer struct {
-	key string
-}
-
-func (t tstKeyer) Key() string {
-	return t.key
-}
-
-func (t tstKeyer) String() string {
-	return "key: " + t.key
-}
-
-func BenchmarkHashString(b *testing.B) {
-	word := " hello "
-
-	var tests []string
-
-	for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
-		sentence := strings.Repeat(word, int(math.Pow(4, float64(i))))
-		tests = append(tests, sentence)
-	}
-
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("n%d", len(test)), func(b *testing.B) {
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-				HashString(test)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
diff --git a/metrics/metrics.go b/metrics/metrics.go
index f7b68db25..08d9322ab 100644
--- a/metrics/metrics.go
+++ b/metrics/metrics.go
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/compare"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 )
 
 // The Provider interface defines an interface for measuring metrics.
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func howSimilar(a, b any) int {
 		return 90
 	}
 
-	h1, h2 := identity.HashString(a), identity.HashString(b)
+	h1, h2 := hashing.HashString(a), hashing.HashString(b)
 	if h1 == h2 {
 		return 100
 	}
diff --git a/resources/image.go b/resources/image.go
index 56f0981f2..fc9d2467b 100644
--- a/resources/image.go
+++ b/resources/image.go
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ import (
 	color_extractor "github.com/marekm4/color-extractor"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 
 	"github.com/disintegration/gift"
 
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/images"
 
 	// Blind import for image.Decode
@@ -274,7 +273,7 @@ func (i *imageResource) Filter(filters ...any) (images.ImageResource, error) {
 	}
 
 	conf.Action = "filter"
-	conf.Key = identity.HashString(gfilters)
+	conf.Key = hashing.HashString(gfilters)
 	conf.TargetFormat = targetFormat
 	if conf.TargetFormat == 0 {
 		conf.TargetFormat = i.Format
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ func (i *imageResource) getImageMetaCacheTargetPath() string {
 	df := i.getResourcePaths()
 	p1, _ := paths.FileAndExt(df.File)
 	h := i.hash()
-	idStr := identity.HashString(h, i.size(), imageMetaVersionNumber, cfgHash)
+	idStr := hashing.HashString(h, i.size(), imageMetaVersionNumber, cfgHash)
 	df.File = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s.json", p1, idStr)
 	return df.TargetPath()
 }
@@ -504,7 +503,7 @@ func (i *imageResource) relTargetPathFromConfig(conf images.ImageConfig) interna
 	// can easily be too long to read, and maybe even too long
 	// for the different OSes to handle.
 	if len(p1)+len(idStr)+len(p2) > md5Threshold {
-		key = helpers.MD5String(p1 + key + p2)
+		key = hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(p1 + key + p2)
 		huIdx := strings.Index(p1, "_hu")
 		if huIdx != -1 {
 			p1 = p1[:huIdx]
diff --git a/resources/image_test.go b/resources/image_test.go
index 0a53b4117..70df7b9de 100644
--- a/resources/image_test.go
+++ b/resources/image_test.go
@@ -33,14 +33,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/images/webp"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 
 	"github.com/disintegration/gift"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/media"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/images"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
@@ -835,9 +834,9 @@ func assetGoldenDirs(c *qt.C, dir1, dir2 string) {
 			_, err = f2.Seek(0, 0)
 			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 
-			hash1, err := helpers.MD5FromReader(f1)
+			hash1, _, err := hashing.XXHashFromReader(f1)
 			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-			hash2, err := helpers.MD5FromReader(f2)
+			hash2, _, err := hashing.XXHashFromReader(f2)
 			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 
 			c.Assert(hash1, qt.Equals, hash2)
diff --git a/resources/images/filters_test.go b/resources/images/filters_test.go
index a8c5601d6..ce8ae9f5a 100644
--- a/resources/images/filters_test.go
+++ b/resources/images/filters_test.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 )
 
 func TestFilterHash(t *testing.T) {
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ func TestFilterHash(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f := &Filters{}
 
-	c.Assert(identity.HashString(f.Grayscale()), qt.Equals, identity.HashString(f.Grayscale()))
-	c.Assert(identity.HashString(f.Grayscale()), qt.Not(qt.Equals), identity.HashString(f.Invert()))
-	c.Assert(identity.HashString(f.Gamma(32)), qt.Not(qt.Equals), identity.HashString(f.Gamma(33)))
-	c.Assert(identity.HashString(f.Gamma(32)), qt.Equals, identity.HashString(f.Gamma(32)))
+	c.Assert(hashing.HashString(f.Grayscale()), qt.Equals, hashing.HashString(f.Grayscale()))
+	c.Assert(hashing.HashString(f.Grayscale()), qt.Not(qt.Equals), hashing.HashString(f.Invert()))
+	c.Assert(hashing.HashString(f.Gamma(32)), qt.Not(qt.Equals), hashing.HashString(f.Gamma(33)))
+	c.Assert(hashing.HashString(f.Gamma(32)), qt.Equals, hashing.HashString(f.Gamma(32)))
 }
diff --git a/resources/internal/key.go b/resources/internal/key.go
index 2b95871aa..b0ac9703f 100644
--- a/resources/internal/key.go
+++ b/resources/internal/key.go
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 package internal
 
-import "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+import "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 
 // ResourceTransformationKey are provided by the different transformation implementations.
 // It identifies the transformation (name) and its configuration (elements).
@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ func (k ResourceTransformationKey) Value() string {
 		return k.Name
 	}
 
-	return k.Name + "_" + identity.HashString(k.elements...)
+	return k.Name + "_" + hashing.HashString(k.elements...)
 }
diff --git a/resources/resource_factories/create/create.go b/resources/resource_factories/create/create.go
index 35a1fb59d..2d868bd15 100644
--- a/resources/resource_factories/create/create.go
+++ b/resources/resource_factories/create/create.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/httpcache"
 	hhttpcache "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/httpcache"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/glob"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/dynacache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hcontext"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/tasks"
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ func (c *Client) match(name, pattern string, matchFunc func(r resource.Resource)
 // TODO(bep) see #10912; we currently emit a warning for this config scenario.
 func (c *Client) FromString(targetPath, content string) (resource.Resource, error) {
 	targetPath = path.Clean(targetPath)
-	key := dynacache.CleanKey(targetPath) + helpers.MD5String(content)
+	key := dynacache.CleanKey(targetPath) + hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(content)
 	r, err := c.rs.ResourceCache.GetOrCreate(key, func() (resource.Resource, error) {
 		return c.rs.NewResource(
 			resources.ResourceSourceDescriptor{
diff --git a/resources/resource_factories/create/remote.go b/resources/resource_factories/create/remote.go
index 5f4879dfe..606110d57 100644
--- a/resources/resource_factories/create/remote.go
+++ b/resources/resource_factories/create/remote.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	gmaps "maps"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/httpcache"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
@@ -310,10 +311,10 @@ func (c *Client) validateFromRemoteArgs(uri string, options fromRemoteOptions) e
 func remoteResourceKeys(uri string, optionsm map[string]any) (string, string) {
 	var userKey string
 	if key, k, found := maps.LookupEqualFold(optionsm, "key"); found {
-		userKey = identity.HashString(key)
+		userKey = hashing.HashString(key)
 		delete(optionsm, k)
 	}
-	optionsKey := identity.HashString(uri, optionsm)
+	optionsKey := hashing.HashString(uri, optionsm)
 	if userKey == "" {
 		userKey = optionsKey
 	}
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu3eafc418e52414ace6236bf1d31f82e1_52213_100x0_resize_q75_bgffffff_box_1.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu2834162883155351332_0_100x0_resize_q75_bgffffff_box_1.jpg
index c55e5d3ad..c55e5d3ad 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu3eafc418e52414ace6236bf1d31f82e1_52213_100x0_resize_q75_bgffffff_box_1.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu2834162883155351332_0_100x0_resize_q75_bgffffff_box_1.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu3eafc418e52414ace6236bf1d31f82e1_52213_200x0_resize_box_1.gif b/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu2834162883155351332_0_200x0_resize_box_1.gif
index ca826432c..ca826432c 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu3eafc418e52414ace6236bf1d31f82e1_52213_200x0_resize_box_1.gif
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu2834162883155351332_0_200x0_resize_box_1.gif
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu3eafc418e52414ace6236bf1d31f82e1_52213_512x0_resize_box_1.gif b/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu2834162883155351332_0_512x0_resize_box_1.gif
index 590d2a780..590d2a780 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu3eafc418e52414ace6236bf1d31f82e1_52213_512x0_resize_box_1.gif
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/giphy_hu2834162883155351332_0_512x0_resize_box_1.gif
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4d09f75255d3942fd4680641110a1a73_10820_100x0_resize_box_1.gif b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4315323919404496126_0_100x0_resize_box_1.gif
index 7d810c1f9..7d810c1f9 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4d09f75255d3942fd4680641110a1a73_10820_100x0_resize_box_1.gif
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4315323919404496126_0_100x0_resize_box_1.gif
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4d09f75255d3942fd4680641110a1a73_10820_220x0_resize_box_1.gif b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4315323919404496126_0_220x0_resize_box_1.gif
index c4b39b041..c4b39b041 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4d09f75255d3942fd4680641110a1a73_10820_220x0_resize_box_1.gif
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio-card_hu4315323919404496126_0_220x0_resize_box_1.gif
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_100x100_fill_box_center_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_100x100_fill_box_center_3.png
index d2f0afd27..d2f0afd27 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_100x100_fill_box_center_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_100x100_fill_box_center_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_200x0_resize_q50_r90_box_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_200x0_resize_q50_r90_box_3.png
index 5abf378b4..5abf378b4 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_200x0_resize_q50_r90_box_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_200x0_resize_q50_r90_box_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_200x100_resize_box_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_200x100_resize_box_3.png
index cd56200ea..cd56200ea 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_200x100_resize_box_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_200x100_resize_box_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_300x100_fill_nearestneighbor_topleft_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_300x100_fill_nearestneighbor_topleft_3.png
index dd11ce7ed..dd11ce7ed 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_300x100_fill_nearestneighbor_topleft_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_300x100_fill_nearestneighbor_topleft_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_300x200_fill_gaussian_smart1_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_300x200_fill_gaussian_smart1_3.png
index 4ef633564..4ef633564 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_300x200_fill_gaussian_smart1_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_300x200_fill_gaussian_smart1_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_300x200_fit_linear_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_300x200_fit_linear_3.png
index 5ad74bf79..5ad74bf79 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_300x200_fit_linear_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_300x200_fit_linear_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_400x200_fill_box_bottomleft_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_bottomleft_3.png
index 76deeabc7..76deeabc7 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_400x200_fill_box_bottomleft_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_bottomleft_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_400x200_fill_box_center_3.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3.png
index 76deeabc7..76deeabc7 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_400x200_fill_box_center_3.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_324b4d42c8746a684068d123fad8b744.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_10145879774663310287.png
index eba4b1e66..eba4b1e66 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_324b4d42c8746a684068d123fad8b744.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_10145879774663310287.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_43055c40cb4a15bd8491bfc502799f43.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_10484317606894136532.png
index 0ce82e49c..0ce82e49c 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_43055c40cb4a15bd8491bfc502799f43.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_10484317606894136532.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_8166ccaf22bdabb94c9bb90bffe64133.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_11093326483404439501.png
index 2fece7804..2fece7804 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_8166ccaf22bdabb94c9bb90bffe64133.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_11093326483404439501.png
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_a751b6cd969d7feab12540a8bb0ca927.png b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_12108901413150876595.png
index 93f8dfda2..93f8dfda2 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_huc57dd738f4724f4b341121e66fd85555_267952_a751b6cd969d7feab12540a8bb0ca927.png
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/gohugoio24_hu7834617682594811866_0_400x200_fill_box_center_3_filter_12108901413150876595.png
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index b425b0d92..b425b0d92 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_c2d24766b49f3147f5a4137a8db592ac.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_16769769134069376407.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_7d9bc4700565266807dc476421066137.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_16826185614123406698.jpg
index ee246814d..ee246814d 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_7d9bc4700565266807dc476421066137.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_16826185614123406698.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_c50a17db1e6d1bd0fe31a9a3444f1587.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_16851788174025928944.jpg
index 1857f8758..1857f8758 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_c50a17db1e6d1bd0fe31a9a3444f1587.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_16851788174025928944.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_0d1b300da7a815ed567b6dadb6f2ce5e.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_17478916973129747965.jpg
index 1e2cb535b..1e2cb535b 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_0d1b300da7a815ed567b6dadb6f2ce5e.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_17478916973129747965.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_17fd3c558d78ce249b5f0bcbe1ddbffb.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_1999930288179126795.jpg
index 2aa3dad2b..2aa3dad2b 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_17fd3c558d78ce249b5f0bcbe1ddbffb.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_1999930288179126795.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_510813cc53c37e2d489d2f9fdb13f749.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_35625387183264766.jpg
index 6c3da1385..6c3da1385 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_510813cc53c37e2d489d2f9fdb13f749.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_35625387183264766.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_abf356affd7d70d6bec3b3498b572191.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_4355974086897058214.jpg
index 9688c99c3..9688c99c3 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_abf356affd7d70d6bec3b3498b572191.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_4355974086897058214.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_f6d8fe32ce3e83abf130e91e33456914.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_4500301550729488566.jpg
index b67650061..b67650061 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_f6d8fe32ce3e83abf130e91e33456914.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_4500301550729488566.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_de1fe6c0f40e7165355507d0f1748083.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_4537007754286294453.jpg
index 7e35750db..7e35750db 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_de1fe6c0f40e7165355507d0f1748083.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_4537007754286294453.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_9f00027c376fe8556cc9996c47f23f78.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_6226609227946633992.jpg
index e7db706c2..e7db706c2 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_9f00027c376fe8556cc9996c47f23f78.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_6226609227946633992.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_d30c10468b33df9010d185a8fe8f0491.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_6663284144007557192.jpg
index 0b7d4e5d0..0b7d4e5d0 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_d30c10468b33df9010d185a8fe8f0491.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_6663284144007557192.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_c36da6818db1ab630c3f87f65170003b.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_7394663371967385838.jpg
index 41b42a883..41b42a883 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_c36da6818db1ab630c3f87f65170003b.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_7394663371967385838.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_30fc2aab35ca0861bf396d09aebc85a4.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_9987965893403929502.jpg
index 60207a829..60207a829 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_30fc2aab35ca0861bf396d09aebc85a4.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_400x200_fill_q75_box_center_filter_9987965893403929502.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_600x0_resize_q75_box.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_600x0_resize_q75_box.jpg
index a5ad199d8..a5ad199d8 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_600x0_resize_q75_box.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_600x0_resize_q75_box.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_filter_16531506165985954191.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_filter_2739339915147920042.jpg
index bc43f4ef9..bc43f4ef9 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_filter_16531506165985954191.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_filter_2739339915147920042.jpg
diff --git a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_filter_18171945436439920693.jpg b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_filter_7649370997474087000.jpg
index 80f06bf66..80f06bf66 100644
--- a/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu59e56ffff1bc1d8d122b1403d34e039f_90587_filter_18171945436439920693.jpg
+++ b/resources/testdata/golden/sunset_hu13399802095542588467_0_filter_7649370997474087000.jpg
diff --git a/resources/transform.go b/resources/transform.go
index b71c026b9..336495e6d 100644
--- a/resources/transform.go
+++ b/resources/transform.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/constants"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/internal"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ func (r *resourceAdapter) TransformationKey() string {
 	for _, tr := range r.transformations {
 		key = key + "_" + tr.Key().Value()
 	}
-	return r.spec.ResourceCache.cleanKey(r.target.Key()) + "_" + helpers.MD5String(key)
+	return r.spec.ResourceCache.cleanKey(r.target.Key()) + "_" + hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(key)
 }
 
 func (r *resourceAdapter) getOrTransform(publish, setContent bool) error {
diff --git a/source/fileInfo.go b/source/fileInfo.go
index 3a95a0593..bece86fa9 100644
--- a/source/fileInfo.go
+++ b/source/fileInfo.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/bep/gitmap"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/media"
@@ -26,8 +27,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 )
 
 // File describes a source file.
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ func (fi *File) IsZero() bool {
 // in some cases that is slightly expensive to construct.
 func (fi *File) init() {
 	fi.lazyInit.Do(func() {
-		fi.uniqueID = helpers.MD5String(filepath.ToSlash(fi.Path()))
+		fi.uniqueID = hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(filepath.ToSlash(fi.Path()))
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/tpl/collections/reflect_helpers.go b/tpl/collections/reflect_helpers.go
index b1966841d..4b222be15 100644
--- a/tpl/collections/reflect_helpers.go
+++ b/tpl/collections/reflect_helpers.go
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func normalize(v reflect.Value) any {
 	k := v.Kind()
 	switch {
 	case !v.Type().Comparable():
-		return identity.HashUint64(v.Interface())
+		return hashing.HashUint64(v.Interface())
 	case isNumber(k):
 		f, err := numberToFloat(v)
 		if err == nil {
diff --git a/tpl/data/resources.go b/tpl/data/resources.go
index 3a3701d60..9e06c0cce 100644
--- a/tpl/data/resources.go
+++ b/tpl/data/resources.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) getRemote(cache *filecache.Cache, unmarshal func([]byte) (b
 
 	var headers bytes.Buffer
 	req.Header.Write(&headers)
-	id := helpers.MD5String(url + headers.String())
+	id := hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(url + headers.String())
 	var handled bool
 	var retry bool
 
diff --git a/tpl/partials/partials.go b/tpl/partials/partials.go
index 8e36e21b9..8de312fd8 100644
--- a/tpl/partials/partials.go
+++ b/tpl/partials/partials.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/bep/lazycache"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 
 	texttemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate"
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ func (k partialCacheKey) Key() string {
 	if k.Variants == nil {
 		return k.Name
 	}
-	return identity.HashString(append([]any{k.Name}, k.Variants...)...)
+	return hashing.HashString(append([]any{k.Name}, k.Variants...)...)
 }
 
 func (k partialCacheKey) templateName() string {
diff --git a/tpl/templates/templates.go b/tpl/templates/templates.go
index 91e96ed8e..98b4b4c38 100644
--- a/tpl/templates/templates.go
+++ b/tpl/templates/templates.go
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 )
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) DoDefer(ctx context.Context, id string, optsv any) string {
 	templateName := id
 	var key string
 	if opts.Key != "" {
-		key = helpers.MD5String(opts.Key)
+		key = hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(opts.Key)
 	} else {
 		key = strconv.FormatUint(defferedIDCounter.Add(1), 10)
 	}
diff --git a/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go b/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go
index dc9029c8d..23b99d91f 100644
--- a/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go
+++ b/tpl/transform/unmarshal.go
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func (ns *Namespace) Unmarshal(args ...any) (any, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("no data to transform")
 	}
 
-	key := helpers.MD5String(dataStr)
+	key := hashing.MD5FromStringHexEncoded(dataStr)
 
 	v, err := ns.cache.GetOrCreate(key, func(string) (*resources.StaleValue[any], error) {
 		f := decoder.FormatFromContentString(dataStr)