unix: print a message when a fatal signal happens

Print a message for SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, and SIGILL when they happen.
These signals are always fatal, but it's very useful to know which of
them happened.

Also, it prints the location in the binary which can then be parsed by
`tinygo run` (see https://github.com/tinygo-org/tinygo/pull/4383).

While this does add some extra binary size, it's for Linux and MacOS
(systems that typically have plenty of RAM/storage) and could be very
useful when debugging some low-level crash such as a runtime bug.

12 files changed, 161 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/compileopts/target.go b/compileopts/target.go
index 3368e20c4..501d99f11 100644
--- a/compileopts/target.go
+++ b/compileopts/target.go
@@ -388,6 +388,8 @@ func defaultTarget(options *Options) (*TargetSpec, error) {
 			"-arch", llvmarch,
 			"-platform_version", "macos", platformVersion, platformVersion,
 		)
+		spec.ExtraFiles = append(spec.ExtraFiles,
+			"src/runtime/runtime_unix.c")
 	case "linux":
 		spec.Linker = "ld.lld"
 		spec.RTLib = "compiler-rt"
@@ -407,6 +409,8 @@ func defaultTarget(options *Options) (*TargetSpec, error) {
 			// proper threading.
 			spec.CFlags = append(spec.CFlags, "-mno-outline-atomics")
 		}
+		spec.ExtraFiles = append(spec.ExtraFiles,
+			"src/runtime/runtime_unix.c")
 	case "windows":
 		spec.Linker = "ld.lld"
 		spec.Libc = "mingw-w64"
diff --git a/lib/macos-minimal-sdk b/lib/macos-minimal-sdk
-Subproject ebb736fda2bec7cea38dcda807518b835a53952
+Subproject 91ac2eabd80f10d95cb4255c78999d9d2c45a3b
diff --git a/src/runtime/arch_386.go b/src/runtime/arch_386.go
index 4e9cce72b..90ec8e8ba 100644
--- a/src/runtime/arch_386.go
+++ b/src/runtime/arch_386.go
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ const deferExtraRegs = 0
 
 const callInstSize = 5 // "call someFunction" is 5 bytes
 
-const linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+const (
+	linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+	linux_SIGBUS        = 7
+	linux_SIGILL        = 4
+	linux_SIGSEGV       = 11
+)
 
 // Align on word boundary.
 func align(ptr uintptr) uintptr {
diff --git a/src/runtime/arch_amd64.go b/src/runtime/arch_amd64.go
index 3bb03e3c7..436d6e384 100644
--- a/src/runtime/arch_amd64.go
+++ b/src/runtime/arch_amd64.go
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ const deferExtraRegs = 0
 
 const callInstSize = 5 // "call someFunction" is 5 bytes
 
-const linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+const (
+	linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+	linux_SIGBUS        = 7
+	linux_SIGILL        = 4
+	linux_SIGSEGV       = 11
+)
 
 // Align a pointer.
 // Note that some amd64 instructions (like movaps) expect 16-byte aligned
diff --git a/src/runtime/arch_arm.go b/src/runtime/arch_arm.go
index e28e85410..ea6b540d2 100644
--- a/src/runtime/arch_arm.go
+++ b/src/runtime/arch_arm.go
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ const deferExtraRegs = 0
 
 const callInstSize = 4 // "bl someFunction" is 4 bytes
 
-const linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+const (
+	linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+	linux_SIGBUS        = 7
+	linux_SIGILL        = 4
+	linux_SIGSEGV       = 11
+)
 
 // Align on the maximum alignment for this platform (double).
 func align(ptr uintptr) uintptr {
diff --git a/src/runtime/arch_arm64.go b/src/runtime/arch_arm64.go
index 4e798e36b..6d3c856cf 100644
--- a/src/runtime/arch_arm64.go
+++ b/src/runtime/arch_arm64.go
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ const deferExtraRegs = 0
 
 const callInstSize = 4 // "bl someFunction" is 4 bytes
 
-const linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+const (
+	linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x20
+	linux_SIGBUS        = 7
+	linux_SIGILL        = 4
+	linux_SIGSEGV       = 11
+)
 
 // Align on word boundary.
 func align(ptr uintptr) uintptr {
diff --git a/src/runtime/arch_mips.go b/src/runtime/arch_mips.go
index bfaf890ae..5a7d05c89 100644
--- a/src/runtime/arch_mips.go
+++ b/src/runtime/arch_mips.go
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ const deferExtraRegs = 0
 
 const callInstSize = 8 // "jal someFunc" is 4 bytes, plus a MIPS delay slot
 
-const linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x800
+const (
+	linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x800
+	linux_SIGBUS        = 10
+	linux_SIGILL        = 4
+	linux_SIGSEGV       = 11
+)
 
 // It appears that MIPS has a maximum alignment of 8 bytes.
 func align(ptr uintptr) uintptr {
diff --git a/src/runtime/arch_mipsle.go b/src/runtime/arch_mipsle.go
index b6bf7d516..498cf862b 100644
--- a/src/runtime/arch_mipsle.go
+++ b/src/runtime/arch_mipsle.go
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ const deferExtraRegs = 0
 
 const callInstSize = 8 // "jal someFunc" is 4 bytes, plus a MIPS delay slot
 
-const linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x800
+const (
+	linux_MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x800
+	linux_SIGBUS        = 10
+	linux_SIGILL        = 4
+	linux_SIGSEGV       = 11
+)
 
 // It appears that MIPS has a maximum alignment of 8 bytes.
 func align(ptr uintptr) uintptr {
diff --git a/src/runtime/os_darwin.go b/src/runtime/os_darwin.go
index eeb192dda..9255fb90f 100644
--- a/src/runtime/os_darwin.go
+++ b/src/runtime/os_darwin.go
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ const (
 	clock_MONOTONIC_RAW = 4
 )
 
+// Source:
+// https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-7195.141.2/bsd/sys/signal.h.auto.html
+const (
+	sig_SIGBUS  = 10
+	sig_SIGILL  = 4
+	sig_SIGSEGV = 11
+)
+
 // https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-7195.141.2/EXTERNAL_HEADERS/mach-o/loader.h.auto.html
 type machHeader struct {
 	magic      uint32
diff --git a/src/runtime/os_linux.go b/src/runtime/os_linux.go
index 403f00246..df5870a2d 100644
--- a/src/runtime/os_linux.go
+++ b/src/runtime/os_linux.go
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ const (
 	clock_MONOTONIC_RAW = 4
 )
 
+const (
+	sig_SIGBUS  = linux_SIGBUS
+	sig_SIGILL  = linux_SIGILL
+	sig_SIGSEGV = linux_SIGSEGV
+)
+
 // For the definition of the various header structs, see:
 // https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/elf.pdf
 // Also useful:
diff --git a/src/runtime/runtime_unix.c b/src/runtime/runtime_unix.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79dd7ce91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/runtime/runtime_unix.c
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+//go:build none
+
+// This file is included on Darwin and Linux (despite the //go:build line above).
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <ucontext.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void tinygo_handle_fatal_signal(int sig, uintptr_t addr);
+
+static void signal_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *info, void *context) {
+	ucontext_t* uctx = context;
+	uintptr_t addr = 0;
+	#if __APPLE__
+		#if __arm64__
+			addr = uctx->uc_mcontext->__ss.__pc;
+		#elif __x86_64__
+			addr = uctx->uc_mcontext->__ss.__rip;
+		#else
+			#error unknown architecture
+		#endif
+	#elif __linux__
+		// Note: this can probably be simplified using the MC_PC macro in musl,
+		// but this works for now.
+		#if __arm__
+			addr = uctx->uc_mcontext.arm_pc;
+		#elif __i386__
+			addr = uctx->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_EIP];
+		#elif __x86_64__
+			addr = uctx->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_RIP];
+		#else // aarch64, mips, maybe others
+			addr = uctx->uc_mcontext.pc;
+		#endif
+	#else
+		#error unknown platform
+	#endif
+	tinygo_handle_fatal_signal(sig, addr);
+}
+
+void tinygo_register_fatal_signals(void) {
+	struct sigaction act = { 0 };
+	// SA_SIGINFO:   we want the 2 extra parameters
+	// SA_RESETHAND: only catch the signal once (the handler will re-raise the signal)
+	act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_RESETHAND;
+	act.sa_sigaction = &signal_handler;
+
+	// Register the signal handler for common issues. There are more signals,
+	// which can be added if needed.
+	sigaction(SIGBUS, &act, NULL);
+	sigaction(SIGILL, &act, NULL);
+	sigaction(SIGSEGV, &act, NULL);
+}
diff --git a/src/runtime/runtime_unix.go b/src/runtime/runtime_unix.go
index 8c5a42ff7..ba5d5a593 100644
--- a/src/runtime/runtime_unix.go
+++ b/src/runtime/runtime_unix.go
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ func abort()
 //export exit
 func exit(code int)
 
+//export raise
+func raise(sig int32)
+
 //export clock_gettime
 func libc_clock_gettime(clk_id int32, ts *timespec)
 
@@ -74,6 +77,10 @@ func main(argc int32, argv *unsafe.Pointer) int {
 	main_argc = argc
 	main_argv = argv
 
+	// Register some fatal signals, so that we can print slightly better error
+	// messages.
+	tinygo_register_fatal_signals()
+
 	// Obtain the initial stack pointer right before calling the run() function.
 	// The run function has been moved to a separate (non-inlined) function so
 	// that the correct stack pointer is read.
@@ -119,6 +126,50 @@ func runMain() {
 	run()
 }
 
+//export tinygo_register_fatal_signals
+func tinygo_register_fatal_signals()
+
+// Print fatal errors when they happen, including the instruction location.
+// With the particular formatting below, `tinygo run` can extract the location
+// where the signal happened and try to show the source location based on DWARF
+// information.
+//
+//export tinygo_handle_fatal_signal
+func tinygo_handle_fatal_signal(sig int32, addr uintptr) {
+	if panicStrategy() == panicStrategyTrap {
+		trap()
+	}
+
+	// Print signal including the faulting instruction.
+	if addr != 0 {
+		printstring("panic: runtime error at ")
+		printptr(addr)
+	} else {
+		printstring("panic: runtime error")
+	}
+	printstring(": caught signal ")
+	switch sig {
+	case sig_SIGBUS:
+		println("SIGBUS")
+	case sig_SIGILL:
+		println("SIGILL")
+	case sig_SIGSEGV:
+		println("SIGSEGV")
+	default:
+		println(sig)
+	}
+
+	// TODO: it might be interesting to also print the invalid address for
+	// SIGSEGV and SIGBUS.
+
+	// Do *not* abort here, instead raise the same signal again. The signal is
+	// registered with SA_RESETHAND which means it executes only once. So when
+	// we raise the signal again below, the signal isn't handled specially but
+	// is handled in the default way (probably exiting the process, maybe with a
+	// core dump).
+	raise(sig)
+}
+
 //go:extern environ
 var environ *unsafe.Pointer