compiler: refactor IR parts into separate package

3 files changed, 1347 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ir/interpreter.go b/ir/interpreter.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..078ad1ac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ir/interpreter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+package ir
+
+// This file provides functionality to interpret very basic Go SSA, for
+// compile-time initialization of globals.
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/constant"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"strings"
+
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
+)
+
+var ErrCGoWrapper = errors.New("tinygo internal: cgo wrapper") // a signal, not an error
+
+// Ignore these calls (replace with a zero return value) when encountered during
+// interpretation.
+var ignoreInitCalls = map[string]struct{}{
+	"syscall.runtime_envs":   struct{}{},
+	"syscall/js.predefValue": struct{}{},
+	"(syscall/js.Value).Get": struct{}{},
+	"(syscall/js.Value).New": struct{}{},
+	"(syscall/js.Value).Int": struct{}{},
+	"os.init$1":              struct{}{},
+}
+
+// Interpret instructions as far as possible, and drop those instructions from
+// the basic block.
+func (p *Program) Interpret(block *ssa.BasicBlock, dumpSSA bool) error {
+	if dumpSSA {
+		fmt.Printf("\ninterpret: %s\n", block.Parent().Pkg.Pkg.Path())
+	}
+	for {
+		i, err := p.interpret(block.Instrs, nil, nil, nil, dumpSSA)
+		if err == ErrCGoWrapper {
+			// skip this instruction
+			block.Instrs = block.Instrs[i+1:]
+			continue
+		}
+		block.Instrs = block.Instrs[i:]
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+// Interpret instructions as far as possible, and return the index of the first
+// unknown instruction.
+func (p *Program) interpret(instrs []ssa.Instruction, paramKeys []*ssa.Parameter, paramValues []Value, results []Value, dumpSSA bool) (int, error) {
+	locals := map[ssa.Value]Value{}
+	for i, key := range paramKeys {
+		locals[key] = paramValues[i]
+	}
+	for i, instr := range instrs {
+		if _, ok := instr.(*ssa.DebugRef); ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if dumpSSA {
+			if val, ok := instr.(ssa.Value); ok && val.Name() != "" {
+				fmt.Printf("\t%s: %s = %s\n", instr.Parent().RelString(nil), val.Name(), val.String())
+			} else {
+				fmt.Printf("\t%s: %s\n", instr.Parent().RelString(nil), instr.String())
+			}
+		}
+		switch instr := instr.(type) {
+		case *ssa.Alloc:
+			alloc, err := p.getZeroValue(instr.Type().Underlying().(*types.Pointer).Elem())
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			locals[instr] = &PointerValue{nil, &alloc}
+		case *ssa.BinOp:
+			if typ, ok := instr.Type().(*types.Basic); ok && typ.Kind() == types.String {
+				// Concatenate two strings.
+				// This happens in the time package, for example.
+				x, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				y, err := p.getValue(instr.Y, locals)
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				xstr := constant.StringVal(x.(*ConstValue).Expr.Value)
+				ystr := constant.StringVal(y.(*ConstValue).Expr.Value)
+				locals[instr] = &ConstValue{ssa.NewConst(constant.MakeString(xstr+ystr), types.Typ[types.String])}
+			} else {
+				return i, errors.New("init: unknown binop: " + instr.String())
+			}
+		case *ssa.Call:
+			common := instr.Common()
+			callee := common.StaticCallee()
+			if callee == nil {
+				return i, nil // don't understand dynamic dispatch
+			}
+			if _, ok := ignoreInitCalls[callee.String()]; ok {
+				// These calls are not needed and can be ignored, for the time
+				// being.
+				results := make([]Value, callee.Signature.Results().Len())
+				for i := range results {
+					var err error
+					results[i], err = p.getZeroValue(callee.Signature.Results().At(i).Type())
+					if err != nil {
+						return i, err
+					}
+				}
+				if len(results) == 1 {
+					locals[instr] = results[0]
+				} else if len(results) > 1 {
+					locals[instr] = &StructValue{Fields: results}
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if callee.String() == "os.NewFile" {
+				// Emulate the creation of os.Stdin, os.Stdout and os.Stderr.
+				resultPtrType := callee.Signature.Results().At(0).Type().(*types.Pointer)
+				resultStructOuterType := resultPtrType.Elem().Underlying().(*types.Struct)
+				if resultStructOuterType.NumFields() != 1 {
+					panic("expected 1 field in os.File struct")
+				}
+				fileInnerPtrType := resultStructOuterType.Field(0).Type().(*types.Pointer)
+				fileInnerType := fileInnerPtrType.Elem().(*types.Named)
+				fileInnerStructType := fileInnerType.Underlying().(*types.Struct)
+				fileInner, err := p.getZeroValue(fileInnerType) // os.file
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				for fieldIndex := 0; fieldIndex < fileInnerStructType.NumFields(); fieldIndex++ {
+					field := fileInnerStructType.Field(fieldIndex)
+					if field.Name() == "name" {
+						// Set the 'name' field.
+						name, err := p.getValue(common.Args[1], locals)
+						if err != nil {
+							return i, err
+						}
+						fileInner.(*StructValue).Fields[fieldIndex] = name
+					} else if field.Type().String() == "internal/poll.FD" {
+						// Set the file descriptor field.
+						field := field.Type().Underlying().(*types.Struct)
+						for subfieldIndex := 0; subfieldIndex < field.NumFields(); subfieldIndex++ {
+							subfield := field.Field(subfieldIndex)
+							if subfield.Name() == "Sysfd" {
+								sysfd, err := p.getValue(common.Args[0], locals)
+								if err != nil {
+									return i, err
+								}
+								sysfd = &ConstValue{Expr: ssa.NewConst(sysfd.(*ConstValue).Expr.Value, subfield.Type())}
+								fileInner.(*StructValue).Fields[fieldIndex].(*StructValue).Fields[subfieldIndex] = sysfd
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				fileInnerPtr := &PointerValue{fileInnerPtrType, &fileInner}                                   // *os.file
+				var fileOuter Value = &StructValue{Type: resultPtrType.Elem(), Fields: []Value{fileInnerPtr}} // os.File
+				result := &PointerValue{resultPtrType.Elem(), &fileOuter}                                     // *os.File
+				locals[instr] = result
+				continue
+			}
+			if canInterpret(callee) {
+				params := make([]Value, len(common.Args))
+				for i, arg := range common.Args {
+					val, err := p.getValue(arg, locals)
+					if err != nil {
+						return i, err
+					}
+					params[i] = val
+				}
+				results := make([]Value, callee.Signature.Results().Len())
+				subi, err := p.interpret(callee.Blocks[0].Instrs, callee.Params, params, results, dumpSSA)
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				if subi != len(callee.Blocks[0].Instrs) {
+					return i, errors.New("init: could not interpret all instructions of subroutine")
+				}
+				if len(results) == 1 {
+					locals[instr] = results[0]
+				} else {
+					panic("unimplemented: not exactly 1 result")
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if callee.Object() == nil || callee.Object().Name() == "init" {
+				return i, nil // arrived at the init#num functions
+			}
+			return i, errors.New("todo: init call: " + callee.String())
+		case *ssa.ChangeType:
+			x, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			// The only case when we need to bitcast is when casting between named
+			// struct types, as those are actually different in LLVM. Let's just
+			// bitcast all struct types for ease of use.
+			if _, ok := instr.Type().Underlying().(*types.Struct); ok {
+				return i, errors.New("todo: init: " + instr.String())
+			}
+			locals[instr] = x
+		case *ssa.Convert:
+			x, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			typeFrom := instr.X.Type().Underlying()
+			switch typeTo := instr.Type().Underlying().(type) {
+			case *types.Basic:
+				if typeTo.Kind() == types.String {
+					return i, errors.New("todo: init: cannot convert string")
+				}
+
+				if _, ok := typeFrom.(*types.Pointer); ok && typeTo.Kind() == types.UnsafePointer {
+					locals[instr] = &PointerBitCastValue{typeTo, x}
+				} else if typeFrom, ok := typeFrom.(*types.Basic); ok {
+					if typeFrom.Kind() == types.UnsafePointer && typeTo.Kind() == types.Uintptr {
+						locals[instr] = &PointerToUintptrValue{x}
+					} else if typeFrom.Info()&types.IsInteger != 0 && typeTo.Info()&types.IsInteger != 0 {
+						locals[instr] = &ConstValue{Expr: ssa.NewConst(x.(*ConstValue).Expr.Value, typeTo)}
+					} else {
+						return i, errors.New("todo: init: unknown basic-to-basic convert: " + instr.String())
+					}
+				} else {
+					return i, errors.New("todo: init: unknown basic convert: " + instr.String())
+				}
+			case *types.Pointer:
+				if typeFrom, ok := typeFrom.(*types.Basic); ok && typeFrom.Kind() == types.UnsafePointer {
+					locals[instr] = &PointerBitCastValue{typeTo, x}
+				} else {
+					panic("expected unsafe pointer conversion")
+				}
+			default:
+				return i, errors.New("todo: init: unknown convert: " + instr.String())
+			}
+		case *ssa.DebugRef:
+			// ignore
+		case *ssa.Extract:
+			tuple, err := p.getValue(instr.Tuple, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			locals[instr] = tuple.(*StructValue).Fields[instr.Index]
+		case *ssa.FieldAddr:
+			x, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			var structVal *StructValue
+			switch x := x.(type) {
+			case *GlobalValue:
+				structVal = x.Global.initializer.(*StructValue)
+			case *PointerValue:
+				structVal = (*x.Elem).(*StructValue)
+			default:
+				panic("expected a pointer")
+			}
+			locals[instr] = &PointerValue{nil, &structVal.Fields[instr.Field]}
+		case *ssa.IndexAddr:
+			x, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			if cnst, ok := instr.Index.(*ssa.Const); ok {
+				index, _ := constant.Int64Val(cnst.Value)
+				switch xPtr := x.(type) {
+				case *GlobalValue:
+					x = xPtr.Global.initializer
+				case *PointerValue:
+					x = *xPtr.Elem
+				default:
+					panic("expected a pointer")
+				}
+				switch x := x.(type) {
+				case *ArrayValue:
+					locals[instr] = &PointerValue{nil, &x.Elems[index]}
+				default:
+					return i, errors.New("todo: init IndexAddr not on an array or struct")
+				}
+			} else {
+				return i, errors.New("todo: init IndexAddr index: " + instr.Index.String())
+			}
+		case *ssa.MakeInterface:
+			locals[instr] = &InterfaceValue{instr.X.Type(), locals[instr.X]}
+		case *ssa.MakeMap:
+			locals[instr] = &MapValue{instr.Type().Underlying().(*types.Map), nil, nil}
+		case *ssa.MapUpdate:
+			// Assume no duplicate keys exist. This is most likely true for
+			// autogenerated code, but may not be true when trying to interpret
+			// user code.
+			key, err := p.getValue(instr.Key, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			value, err := p.getValue(instr.Value, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			x := locals[instr.Map].(*MapValue)
+			x.Keys = append(x.Keys, key)
+			x.Values = append(x.Values, value)
+		case *ssa.Return:
+			for i, r := range instr.Results {
+				val, err := p.getValue(r, locals)
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				results[i] = val
+			}
+		case *ssa.Slice:
+			// Turn a just-allocated array into a slice.
+			if instr.Low != nil || instr.High != nil || instr.Max != nil {
+				return i, errors.New("init: slice expression with bounds")
+			}
+			source, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			switch source := source.(type) {
+			case *PointerValue: // pointer to array
+				array := (*source.Elem).(*ArrayValue)
+				locals[instr] = &SliceValue{instr.Type().Underlying().(*types.Slice), array}
+			default:
+				return i, errors.New("init: unknown slice type")
+			}
+		case *ssa.Store:
+			if addr, ok := instr.Addr.(*ssa.Global); ok {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(instr.Addr.Name(), "__cgofn__cgo_") || strings.HasPrefix(instr.Addr.Name(), "_cgo_") {
+					// Ignore CGo global variables which we don't use.
+					continue
+				}
+				value, err := p.getValue(instr.Val, locals)
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				p.GetGlobal(addr).initializer = value
+			} else if addr, ok := locals[instr.Addr]; ok {
+				value, err := p.getValue(instr.Val, locals)
+				if err != nil {
+					return i, err
+				}
+				if addr, ok := addr.(*PointerValue); ok {
+					*(addr.Elem) = value
+				} else {
+					panic("store to non-pointer")
+				}
+			} else {
+				return i, errors.New("todo: init Store: " + instr.String())
+			}
+		case *ssa.UnOp:
+			if instr.Op != token.MUL || instr.CommaOk {
+				return i, errors.New("init: unknown unop: " + instr.String())
+			}
+			valPtr, err := p.getValue(instr.X, locals)
+			if err != nil {
+				return i, err
+			}
+			switch valPtr := valPtr.(type) {
+			case *GlobalValue:
+				locals[instr] = valPtr.Global.initializer
+			case *PointerValue:
+				locals[instr] = *valPtr.Elem
+			default:
+				panic("expected a pointer")
+			}
+		default:
+			return i, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return len(instrs), nil
+}
+
+// Check whether this function can be interpreted at compile time. For that, it
+// needs to only contain relatively simple instructions (for example, no control
+// flow).
+func canInterpret(callee *ssa.Function) bool {
+	if len(callee.Blocks) != 1 || callee.Signature.Results().Len() != 1 {
+		// No control flow supported so only one basic block.
+		// Only exactly one return value supported right now so check that as
+		// well.
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, instr := range callee.Blocks[0].Instrs {
+		switch instr.(type) {
+		// Ignore all functions fully supported by Program.interpret()
+		// above.
+		case *ssa.Alloc:
+		case *ssa.ChangeType:
+		case *ssa.Convert:
+		case *ssa.DebugRef:
+		case *ssa.Extract:
+		case *ssa.FieldAddr:
+		case *ssa.IndexAddr:
+		case *ssa.MakeInterface:
+		case *ssa.MakeMap:
+		case *ssa.MapUpdate:
+		case *ssa.Return:
+		case *ssa.Slice:
+		case *ssa.Store:
+		case *ssa.UnOp:
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (p *Program) getValue(value ssa.Value, locals map[ssa.Value]Value) (Value, error) {
+	switch value := value.(type) {
+	case *ssa.Const:
+		return &ConstValue{value}, nil
+	case *ssa.Function:
+		return &FunctionValue{value.Type(), value}, nil
+	case *ssa.Global:
+		if strings.HasPrefix(value.Name(), "__cgofn__cgo_") || strings.HasPrefix(value.Name(), "_cgo_") {
+			// Ignore CGo global variables which we don't use.
+			return nil, ErrCGoWrapper
+		}
+		g := p.GetGlobal(value)
+		if g.initializer == nil {
+			value, err := p.getZeroValue(value.Type().Underlying().(*types.Pointer).Elem())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			g.initializer = value
+		}
+		return &GlobalValue{g}, nil
+	default:
+		if local, ok := locals[value]; ok {
+			return local, nil
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.New("todo: init: unknown value: " + value.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Program) getZeroValue(t types.Type) (Value, error) {
+	switch typ := t.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Array:
+		elems := make([]Value, typ.Len())
+		for i := range elems {
+			elem, err := p.getZeroValue(typ.Elem())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			elems[i] = elem
+		}
+		return &ArrayValue{typ.Elem(), elems}, nil
+	case *types.Basic:
+		return &ZeroBasicValue{typ}, nil
+	case *types.Signature:
+		return &FunctionValue{typ, nil}, nil
+	case *types.Interface:
+		return &InterfaceValue{typ, nil}, nil
+	case *types.Map:
+		return &MapValue{typ, nil, nil}, nil
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		return &PointerValue{typ, nil}, nil
+	case *types.Struct:
+		elems := make([]Value, typ.NumFields())
+		for i := range elems {
+			elem, err := p.getZeroValue(typ.Field(i).Type())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			elems[i] = elem
+		}
+		return &StructValue{t, elems}, nil
+	case *types.Slice:
+		return &SliceValue{typ, nil}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.New("todo: init: unknown global type: " + typ.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Boxed value for interpreter.
+type Value interface {
+}
+
+type ConstValue struct {
+	Expr *ssa.Const
+}
+
+type ZeroBasicValue struct {
+	Type *types.Basic
+}
+
+type PointerValue struct {
+	Type types.Type
+	Elem *Value
+}
+
+type FunctionValue struct {
+	Type types.Type
+	Elem *ssa.Function
+}
+
+type InterfaceValue struct {
+	Type types.Type
+	Elem Value
+}
+
+type PointerBitCastValue struct {
+	Type types.Type
+	Elem Value
+}
+
+type PointerToUintptrValue struct {
+	Elem Value
+}
+
+type GlobalValue struct {
+	Global *Global
+}
+
+type ArrayValue struct {
+	ElemType types.Type
+	Elems    []Value
+}
+
+type StructValue struct {
+	Type   types.Type // types.Struct or types.Named
+	Fields []Value
+}
+
+type SliceValue struct {
+	Type  *types.Slice
+	Array *ArrayValue
+}
+
+type MapValue struct {
+	Type   *types.Map
+	Keys   []Value
+	Values []Value
+}
diff --git a/ir/ir.go b/ir/ir.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f098425d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ir/ir.go
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+package ir
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/aykevl/llvm/bindings/go/llvm"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/loader"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa/ssautil"
+)
+
+// This file provides a wrapper around go/ssa values and adds extra
+// functionality to them.
+
+// View on all functions, types, and globals in a program, with analysis
+// results.
+type Program struct {
+	Program              *ssa.Program
+	mainPkg              *ssa.Package
+	Functions            []*Function
+	functionMap          map[*ssa.Function]*Function
+	Globals              []*Global
+	globalMap            map[*ssa.Global]*Global
+	comments             map[string]*ast.CommentGroup
+	NamedTypes           []*NamedType
+	needsScheduler       bool
+	goCalls              []*ssa.Go
+	typesWithMethods     map[string]*TypeWithMethods // see AnalyseInterfaceConversions
+	typesWithoutMethods  map[string]int              // see AnalyseInterfaceConversions
+	methodSignatureNames map[string]int              // see MethodNum
+	interfaces           map[string]*Interface       // see AnalyseInterfaceConversions
+	fpWithContext        map[string]struct{}         // see AnalyseFunctionPointers
+}
+
+// Function or method.
+type Function struct {
+	*ssa.Function
+	LLVMFn       llvm.Value
+	linkName     string      // go:linkname or go:export pragma
+	exported     bool        // go:export
+	nobounds     bool        // go:nobounds pragma
+	blocking     bool        // calculated by AnalyseBlockingRecursive
+	flag         bool        // used by dead code elimination
+	addressTaken bool        // used as function pointer, calculated by AnalyseFunctionPointers
+	parents      []*Function // calculated by AnalyseCallgraph
+	children     []*Function // calculated by AnalyseCallgraph
+}
+
+// Global variable, possibly constant.
+type Global struct {
+	*ssa.Global
+	program     *Program
+	LLVMGlobal  llvm.Value
+	linkName    string // go:extern
+	extern      bool   // go:extern
+	initializer Value
+}
+
+// Type with a name and possibly methods.
+type NamedType struct {
+	*ssa.Type
+	LLVMType llvm.Type
+}
+
+// Type that is at some point put in an interface.
+type TypeWithMethods struct {
+	t       types.Type
+	Num     int
+	Methods map[string]*types.Selection
+}
+
+// Interface type that is at some point used in a type assert (to check whether
+// it implements another interface).
+type Interface struct {
+	Num  int
+	Type *types.Interface
+}
+
+// Create and intialize a new *Program from a *ssa.Program.
+func NewProgram(lprogram *loader.Program, mainPath string) *Program {
+	comments := map[string]*ast.CommentGroup{}
+	for _, pkgInfo := range lprogram.AllPackages {
+		for _, file := range pkgInfo.Files {
+			for _, decl := range file.Decls {
+				switch decl := decl.(type) {
+				case *ast.GenDecl:
+					switch decl.Tok {
+					case token.VAR:
+						if len(decl.Specs) != 1 {
+							continue
+						}
+						for _, spec := range decl.Specs {
+							valueSpec := spec.(*ast.ValueSpec)
+							for _, valueName := range valueSpec.Names {
+								id := pkgInfo.Pkg.Path() + "." + valueName.Name
+								comments[id] = decl.Doc
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	program := ssautil.CreateProgram(lprogram, ssa.SanityCheckFunctions|ssa.BareInits|ssa.GlobalDebug)
+	program.Build()
+
+	return &Program{
+		Program:              program,
+		mainPkg:              program.ImportedPackage(mainPath),
+		functionMap:          make(map[*ssa.Function]*Function),
+		globalMap:            make(map[*ssa.Global]*Global),
+		methodSignatureNames: make(map[string]int),
+		interfaces:           make(map[string]*Interface),
+		comments:             comments,
+	}
+}
+
+// Add a package to this Program. All packages need to be added first before any
+// analysis is done for correct results.
+func (p *Program) AddPackage(pkg *ssa.Package) {
+	memberNames := make([]string, 0)
+	for name := range pkg.Members {
+		if isCGoInternal(name) {
+			continue
+		}
+		memberNames = append(memberNames, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(memberNames)
+
+	for _, name := range memberNames {
+		member := pkg.Members[name]
+		switch member := member.(type) {
+		case *ssa.Function:
+			if isCGoInternal(member.Name()) {
+				continue
+			}
+			p.addFunction(member)
+		case *ssa.Type:
+			t := &NamedType{Type: member}
+			p.NamedTypes = append(p.NamedTypes, t)
+			methods := getAllMethods(pkg.Prog, member.Type())
+			if !types.IsInterface(member.Type()) {
+				// named type
+				for _, method := range methods {
+					p.addFunction(pkg.Prog.MethodValue(method))
+				}
+			}
+		case *ssa.Global:
+			g := &Global{program: p, Global: member}
+			doc := p.comments[g.RelString(nil)]
+			if doc != nil {
+				g.parsePragmas(doc)
+			}
+			p.Globals = append(p.Globals, g)
+			p.globalMap[member] = g
+		case *ssa.NamedConst:
+			// Ignore: these are already resolved.
+		default:
+			panic("unknown member type: " + member.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Program) addFunction(ssaFn *ssa.Function) {
+	f := &Function{Function: ssaFn}
+	f.parsePragmas()
+	p.Functions = append(p.Functions, f)
+	p.functionMap[ssaFn] = f
+
+	for _, anon := range ssaFn.AnonFuncs {
+		p.addFunction(anon)
+	}
+}
+
+// Return true if this package imports "unsafe", false otherwise.
+func hasUnsafeImport(pkg *types.Package) bool {
+	for _, imp := range pkg.Imports() {
+		if imp == types.Unsafe {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p *Program) GetFunction(ssaFn *ssa.Function) *Function {
+	return p.functionMap[ssaFn]
+}
+
+func (p *Program) GetGlobal(ssaGlobal *ssa.Global) *Global {
+	return p.globalMap[ssaGlobal]
+}
+
+// SortMethods sorts the list of methods by method ID.
+func (p *Program) SortMethods(methods []*types.Selection) {
+	m := &methodList{methods: methods, program: p}
+	sort.Sort(m)
+}
+
+// SortFuncs sorts the list of functions by method ID.
+func (p *Program) SortFuncs(funcs []*types.Func) {
+	m := &funcList{funcs: funcs, program: p}
+	sort.Sort(m)
+}
+
+func (p *Program) MainPkg() *ssa.Package {
+	return p.mainPkg
+}
+
+// Parse compiler directives in the preceding comments.
+func (f *Function) parsePragmas() {
+	if f.Syntax() == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if decl, ok := f.Syntax().(*ast.FuncDecl); ok && decl.Doc != nil {
+		for _, comment := range decl.Doc.List {
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(comment.Text, "//go:") {
+				continue
+			}
+			parts := strings.Fields(comment.Text)
+			switch parts[0] {
+			case "//go:linkname":
+				if len(parts) != 3 || parts[1] != f.Name() {
+					continue
+				}
+				// Only enable go:linkname when the package imports "unsafe".
+				// This is a slightly looser requirement than what gc uses: gc
+				// requires the file to import "unsafe", not the package as a
+				// whole.
+				if hasUnsafeImport(f.Pkg.Pkg) {
+					f.linkName = parts[2]
+				}
+			case "//go:nobounds":
+				// Skip bounds checking in this function. Useful for some
+				// runtime functions.
+				// This is somewhat dangerous and thus only imported in packages
+				// that import unsafe.
+				if hasUnsafeImport(f.Pkg.Pkg) {
+					f.nobounds = true
+				}
+			case "//go:export":
+				if len(parts) != 2 {
+					continue
+				}
+				f.linkName = parts[1]
+				f.exported = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *Function) IsNoBounds() bool {
+	return f.nobounds
+}
+
+// Return true iff this function is externally visible.
+func (f *Function) IsExported() bool {
+	return f.exported
+}
+
+// Return the link name for this function.
+func (f *Function) LinkName() string {
+	if f.linkName != "" {
+		return f.linkName
+	}
+	if f.Signature.Recv() != nil {
+		// Method on a defined type (which may be a pointer).
+		return f.RelString(nil)
+	} else {
+		// Bare function.
+		if name := f.CName(); name != "" {
+			// Name CGo functions directly.
+			return name
+		} else {
+			return f.RelString(nil)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Return the name of the C function if this is a CGo wrapper. Otherwise, return
+// a zero-length string.
+func (f *Function) CName() string {
+	name := f.Name()
+	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "_Cfunc_") {
+		return name[len("_Cfunc_"):]
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// Parse //go: pragma comments from the source.
+func (g *Global) parsePragmas(doc *ast.CommentGroup) {
+	for _, comment := range doc.List {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(comment.Text, "//go:") {
+			continue
+		}
+		parts := strings.Fields(comment.Text)
+		switch parts[0] {
+		case "//go:extern":
+			g.extern = true
+			if len(parts) == 2 {
+				g.linkName = parts[1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Return the link name for this global.
+func (g *Global) LinkName() string {
+	if g.linkName != "" {
+		return g.linkName
+	}
+	return g.RelString(nil)
+}
+
+func (g *Global) IsExtern() bool {
+	return g.extern
+}
+
+func (g *Global) Initializer() Value {
+	return g.initializer
+}
+
+// Wrapper type to implement sort.Interface for []*types.Selection.
+type methodList struct {
+	methods []*types.Selection
+	program *Program
+}
+
+func (m *methodList) Len() int {
+	return len(m.methods)
+}
+
+func (m *methodList) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	iid := m.program.MethodNum(m.methods[i].Obj().(*types.Func))
+	jid := m.program.MethodNum(m.methods[j].Obj().(*types.Func))
+	return iid < jid
+}
+
+func (m *methodList) Swap(i, j int) {
+	m.methods[i], m.methods[j] = m.methods[j], m.methods[i]
+}
+
+// Wrapper type to implement sort.Interface for []*types.Func.
+type funcList struct {
+	funcs   []*types.Func
+	program *Program
+}
+
+func (fl *funcList) Len() int {
+	return len(fl.funcs)
+}
+
+func (fl *funcList) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	iid := fl.program.MethodNum(fl.funcs[i])
+	jid := fl.program.MethodNum(fl.funcs[j])
+	return iid < jid
+}
+
+func (fl *funcList) Swap(i, j int) {
+	fl.funcs[i], fl.funcs[j] = fl.funcs[j], fl.funcs[i]
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a CGo-internal function that can be ignored.
+func isCGoInternal(name string) bool {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "_Cgo_") || strings.HasPrefix(name, "_cgo") {
+		// _Cgo_ptr, _Cgo_use, _cgoCheckResult, _cgo_runtime_cgocall
+		return true // CGo-internal functions
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "__cgofn__cgo_") {
+		return true // CGo function pointer in global scope
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Get all methods of a type.
+func getAllMethods(prog *ssa.Program, typ types.Type) []*types.Selection {
+	ms := prog.MethodSets.MethodSet(typ)
+	methods := make([]*types.Selection, ms.Len())
+	for i := 0; i < ms.Len(); i++ {
+		methods[i] = ms.At(i)
+	}
+	return methods
+}
diff --git a/ir/passes.go b/ir/passes.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87175faea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ir/passes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+package ir
+
+import (
+	"go/types"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
+)
+
+// This file implements several optimization passes (analysis + transform) to
+// optimize code in SSA form before it is compiled to LLVM IR. It is based on
+// the IR defined in ir.go.
+
+// Make a readable version of a method signature (including the function name,
+// excluding the receiver name). This string is used internally to match
+// interfaces and to call the correct method on an interface. Examples:
+//
+//     String() string
+//     Read([]byte) (int, error)
+func MethodSignature(method *types.Func) string {
+	return method.Name() + Signature(method.Type().(*types.Signature))
+}
+
+// Make a readable version of a function (pointer) signature. This string is
+// used internally to match signatures (like in AnalyseFunctionPointers).
+// Examples:
+//
+//     () string
+//     (string, int) (int, error)
+func Signature(sig *types.Signature) string {
+	s := ""
+	if sig.Params().Len() == 0 {
+		s += "()"
+	} else {
+		s += "("
+		for i := 0; i < sig.Params().Len(); i++ {
+			if i > 0 {
+				s += ", "
+			}
+			s += sig.Params().At(i).Type().String()
+		}
+		s += ")"
+	}
+	if sig.Results().Len() == 0 {
+		// keep as-is
+	} else if sig.Results().Len() == 1 {
+		s += " " + sig.Results().At(0).Type().String()
+	} else {
+		s += " ("
+		for i := 0; i < sig.Results().Len(); i++ {
+			if i > 0 {
+				s += ", "
+			}
+			s += sig.Results().At(i).Type().String()
+		}
+		s += ")"
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// Convert an interface type to a string of all method strings, separated by
+// "; ". For example: "Read([]byte) (int, error); Close() error"
+func InterfaceKey(itf *types.Interface) string {
+	methodStrings := []string{}
+	for i := 0; i < itf.NumMethods(); i++ {
+		method := itf.Method(i)
+		methodStrings = append(methodStrings, MethodSignature(method))
+	}
+	sort.Strings(methodStrings)
+	return strings.Join(methodStrings, ";")
+}
+
+// Fill in parents of all functions.
+//
+// All packages need to be added before this pass can run, or it will produce
+// incorrect results.
+func (p *Program) AnalyseCallgraph() {
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		// Clear, if AnalyseCallgraph has been called before.
+		f.children = nil
+		f.parents = nil
+
+		for _, block := range f.Blocks {
+			for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+				switch instr := instr.(type) {
+				case *ssa.Call:
+					if instr.Common().IsInvoke() {
+						continue
+					}
+					switch call := instr.Call.Value.(type) {
+					case *ssa.Builtin:
+						// ignore
+					case *ssa.Function:
+						if isCGoInternal(call.Name()) {
+							continue
+						}
+						child := p.GetFunction(call)
+						if child.CName() != "" {
+							continue // assume non-blocking
+						}
+						if child.RelString(nil) == "time.Sleep" {
+							f.blocking = true
+						}
+						f.children = append(f.children, child)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		for _, child := range f.children {
+			child.parents = append(child.parents, f)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Find all types that are put in an interface.
+func (p *Program) AnalyseInterfaceConversions() {
+	// Clear, if AnalyseTypes has been called before.
+	p.typesWithoutMethods = map[string]int{"nil": 0}
+	p.typesWithMethods = map[string]*TypeWithMethods{}
+
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		for _, block := range f.Blocks {
+			for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+				switch instr := instr.(type) {
+				case *ssa.MakeInterface:
+					methods := getAllMethods(f.Prog, instr.X.Type())
+					name := instr.X.Type().String()
+					if _, ok := p.typesWithMethods[name]; !ok && len(methods) > 0 {
+						t := &TypeWithMethods{
+							t:       instr.X.Type(),
+							Num:     len(p.typesWithMethods),
+							Methods: make(map[string]*types.Selection),
+						}
+						for _, sel := range methods {
+							name := MethodSignature(sel.Obj().(*types.Func))
+							t.Methods[name] = sel
+						}
+						p.typesWithMethods[name] = t
+					} else if _, ok := p.typesWithoutMethods[name]; !ok && len(methods) == 0 {
+						p.typesWithoutMethods[name] = len(p.typesWithoutMethods)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Analyse which function pointer signatures need a context parameter.
+// This makes calling function pointers more efficient.
+func (p *Program) AnalyseFunctionPointers() {
+	// Clear, if AnalyseFunctionPointers has been called before.
+	p.fpWithContext = map[string]struct{}{}
+
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		for _, block := range f.Blocks {
+			for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+				switch instr := instr.(type) {
+				case ssa.CallInstruction:
+					for _, arg := range instr.Common().Args {
+						switch arg := arg.(type) {
+						case *ssa.Function:
+							f := p.GetFunction(arg)
+							f.addressTaken = true
+						}
+					}
+				case *ssa.DebugRef:
+				default:
+					// For anything that isn't a call...
+					for _, operand := range instr.Operands(nil) {
+						if operand == nil || *operand == nil || isCGoInternal((*operand).Name()) {
+							continue
+						}
+						switch operand := (*operand).(type) {
+						case *ssa.Function:
+							f := p.GetFunction(operand)
+							f.addressTaken = true
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				switch instr := instr.(type) {
+				case *ssa.MakeClosure:
+					fn := instr.Fn.(*ssa.Function)
+					sig := Signature(fn.Signature)
+					p.fpWithContext[sig] = struct{}{}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Analyse which functions are recursively blocking.
+//
+// Depends on AnalyseCallgraph.
+func (p *Program) AnalyseBlockingRecursive() {
+	worklist := make([]*Function, 0)
+
+	// Fill worklist with directly blocking functions.
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		if f.blocking {
+			worklist = append(worklist, f)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Keep reducing this worklist by marking a function as recursively blocking
+	// from the worklist and pushing all its parents that are non-blocking.
+	// This is somewhat similar to a worklist in a mark-sweep garbage collector.
+	// The work items are then grey objects.
+	for len(worklist) != 0 {
+		// Pick the topmost.
+		f := worklist[len(worklist)-1]
+		worklist = worklist[:len(worklist)-1]
+		for _, parent := range f.parents {
+			if !parent.blocking {
+				parent.blocking = true
+				worklist = append(worklist, parent)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Check whether we need a scheduler. A scheduler is only necessary when there
+// are go calls that start blocking functions (if they're not blocking, the go
+// function can be turned into a regular function call).
+//
+// Depends on AnalyseBlockingRecursive.
+func (p *Program) AnalyseGoCalls() {
+	p.goCalls = nil
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		for _, block := range f.Blocks {
+			for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+				switch instr := instr.(type) {
+				case *ssa.Go:
+					p.goCalls = append(p.goCalls, instr)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for _, instr := range p.goCalls {
+		switch instr := instr.Call.Value.(type) {
+		case *ssa.Builtin:
+		case *ssa.Function:
+			if p.functionMap[instr].blocking {
+				p.needsScheduler = true
+			}
+		default:
+			panic("unknown go call function type")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Simple pass that removes dead code. This pass makes later analysis passes
+// more useful.
+func (p *Program) SimpleDCE() {
+	// Unmark all functions.
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		f.flag = false
+	}
+
+	// Initial set of live functions. Include main.main, *.init and runtime.*
+	// functions.
+	main := p.mainPkg.Members["main"].(*ssa.Function)
+	runtimePkg := p.Program.ImportedPackage("runtime")
+	p.GetFunction(main).flag = true
+	worklist := []*ssa.Function{main}
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		if f.Synthetic == "package initializer" || f.Pkg == runtimePkg {
+			if f.flag || isCGoInternal(f.Name()) {
+				continue
+			}
+			f.flag = true
+			worklist = append(worklist, f.Function)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Mark all called functions recursively.
+	for len(worklist) != 0 {
+		f := worklist[len(worklist)-1]
+		worklist = worklist[:len(worklist)-1]
+		for _, block := range f.Blocks {
+			for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+				if instr, ok := instr.(*ssa.MakeInterface); ok {
+					for _, sel := range getAllMethods(p.Program, instr.X.Type()) {
+						fn := p.Program.MethodValue(sel)
+						callee := p.GetFunction(fn)
+						if callee == nil {
+							// TODO: why is this necessary?
+							p.addFunction(fn)
+							callee = p.GetFunction(fn)
+						}
+						if !callee.flag {
+							callee.flag = true
+							worklist = append(worklist, callee.Function)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				for _, operand := range instr.Operands(nil) {
+					if operand == nil || *operand == nil || isCGoInternal((*operand).Name()) {
+						continue
+					}
+					switch operand := (*operand).(type) {
+					case *ssa.Function:
+						f := p.GetFunction(operand)
+						if f == nil {
+							// FIXME HACK: this function should have been
+							// discovered already. It is not for bound methods.
+							p.addFunction(operand)
+							f = p.GetFunction(operand)
+						}
+						if !f.flag {
+							f.flag = true
+							worklist = append(worklist, operand)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Remove unmarked functions.
+	livefunctions := []*Function{}
+	for _, f := range p.Functions {
+		if f.flag {
+			livefunctions = append(livefunctions, f)
+		} else {
+			delete(p.functionMap, f.Function)
+		}
+	}
+	p.Functions = livefunctions
+}
+
+// Whether this function needs a scheduler.
+//
+// Depends on AnalyseGoCalls.
+func (p *Program) NeedsScheduler() bool {
+	return p.needsScheduler
+}
+
+// Whether this function blocks. Builtins are also accepted for convenience.
+// They will always be non-blocking.
+//
+// Depends on AnalyseBlockingRecursive.
+func (p *Program) IsBlocking(f *Function) bool {
+	if !p.needsScheduler {
+		return false
+	}
+	return f.blocking
+}
+
+// Return the type number and whether this type is actually used. Used in
+// interface conversions (type is always used) and type asserts (type may not be
+// used, meaning assert is always false in this program).
+//
+// May only be used after all packages have been added to the analyser.
+func (p *Program) TypeNum(typ types.Type) (int, bool) {
+	if n, ok := p.typesWithoutMethods[typ.String()]; ok {
+		return n, true
+	} else if meta, ok := p.typesWithMethods[typ.String()]; ok {
+		return len(p.typesWithoutMethods) + meta.Num, true
+	} else {
+		return -1, false // type is never put in an interface
+	}
+}
+
+// InterfaceNum returns the numeric interface ID of this type, for use in type
+// asserts.
+func (p *Program) InterfaceNum(itfType *types.Interface) int {
+	key := InterfaceKey(itfType)
+	if itf, ok := p.interfaces[key]; !ok {
+		num := len(p.interfaces)
+		p.interfaces[key] = &Interface{Num: num, Type: itfType}
+		return num
+	} else {
+		return itf.Num
+	}
+}
+
+// MethodNum returns the numeric ID of this method, to be used in method lookups
+// on interfaces for example.
+func (p *Program) MethodNum(method *types.Func) int {
+	name := MethodSignature(method)
+	if _, ok := p.methodSignatureNames[name]; !ok {
+		p.methodSignatureNames[name] = len(p.methodSignatureNames)
+	}
+	return p.methodSignatureNames[MethodSignature(method)]
+}
+
+// The start index of the first dynamic type that has methods.
+// Types without methods always have a lower ID and types with methods have this
+// or a higher ID.
+//
+// May only be used after all packages have been added to the analyser.
+func (p *Program) FirstDynamicType() int {
+	return len(p.typesWithoutMethods)
+}
+
+// Return all types with methods, sorted by type ID.
+func (p *Program) AllDynamicTypes() []*TypeWithMethods {
+	l := make([]*TypeWithMethods, len(p.typesWithMethods))
+	for _, m := range p.typesWithMethods {
+		l[m.Num] = m
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
+// Return all interface types, sorted by interface ID.
+func (p *Program) AllInterfaces() []*Interface {
+	l := make([]*Interface, len(p.interfaces))
+	for _, itf := range p.interfaces {
+		l[itf.Num] = itf
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
+func (p *Program) FunctionNeedsContext(f *Function) bool {
+	if !f.addressTaken {
+		return false
+	}
+	return p.SignatureNeedsContext(f.Signature)
+}
+
+func (p *Program) SignatureNeedsContext(sig *types.Signature) bool {
+	_, needsContext := p.fpWithContext[Signature(sig)]
+	return needsContext
+}