compiler: refactor function calling

6 files changed, 177 insertions, 171 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/compiler.go b/compiler/compiler.go
index 7222041e7..1807b8af5 100644
--- a/compiler/compiler.go
+++ b/compiler/compiler.go
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) parseInstr(frame *Frame, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 				// A goroutine call on a func value, but the callee is trivial to find. For
 				// example: immediately applied functions.
 				funcValue := frame.getValue(value)
-				context = c.extractFuncContext(funcValue)
+				context = frame.extractFuncContext(funcValue)
 			default:
 				panic("StaticCallee returned an unexpected value")
 			}
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) parseInstr(frame *Frame, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 			// goroutine:
 			//   * The function context, for closures.
 			//   * The function pointer (for tasks).
-			funcPtr, context := c.decodeFuncValue(frame.getValue(instr.Call.Value), instr.Call.Value.Type().(*types.Signature))
+			funcPtr, context := frame.decodeFuncValue(frame.getValue(instr.Call.Value), instr.Call.Value.Type().(*types.Signature))
 			params = append(params, context) // context parameter
 			switch c.Scheduler() {
 			case "none", "coroutines":
@@ -1315,86 +1315,90 @@ func (b *builder) createBuiltin(args []ssa.Value, callName string, pos token.Pos
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *Compiler) parseFunctionCall(frame *Frame, args []ssa.Value, llvmFn, context llvm.Value, exported bool) llvm.Value {
-	var params []llvm.Value
-	for _, param := range args {
-		params = append(params, frame.getValue(param))
-	}
-
-	if !exported {
-		// This function takes a context parameter.
-		// Add it to the end of the parameter list.
-		params = append(params, context)
-
-		// Parent coroutine handle.
-		params = append(params, llvm.Undef(c.i8ptrType))
-	}
-
-	return c.createCall(llvmFn, params, "")
-}
-
-func (c *Compiler) parseCall(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+// createFunctionCall lowers a Go SSA call instruction (to a simple function,
+// closure, function pointer, builtin, method, etc.) to LLVM IR, usually a call
+// instruction.
+//
+// This is also where compiler intrinsics are implemented.
+func (b *builder) createFunctionCall(instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
 	if instr.IsInvoke() {
-		fnCast, args := frame.getInvokeCall(instr)
-		return c.createCall(fnCast, args, ""), nil
+		fnCast, args := b.getInvokeCall(instr)
+		return b.createCall(fnCast, args, ""), nil
 	}
 
 	// Try to call the function directly for trivially static calls.
+	var callee, context llvm.Value
+	exported := false
 	if fn := instr.StaticCallee(); fn != nil {
+		// Direct function call, either to a named or anonymous (directly
+		// applied) function call. If it is anonymous, it may be a closure.
 		name := fn.RelString(nil)
 		switch {
 		case name == "device/arm.ReadRegister" || name == "device/riscv.ReadRegister":
-			return c.emitReadRegister(name, instr.Args)
+			return b.createReadRegister(name, instr.Args)
 		case name == "device/arm.Asm" || name == "device/avr.Asm" || name == "device/riscv.Asm":
-			return c.emitAsm(instr.Args)
+			return b.createInlineAsm(instr.Args)
 		case name == "device/arm.AsmFull" || name == "device/avr.AsmFull" || name == "device/riscv.AsmFull":
-			return c.emitAsmFull(frame, instr)
+			return b.createInlineAsmFull(instr)
 		case strings.HasPrefix(name, "device/arm.SVCall"):
-			return c.emitSVCall(frame, instr.Args)
+			return b.emitSVCall(instr.Args)
 		case strings.HasPrefix(name, "(device/riscv.CSR)."):
-			return c.emitCSROperation(frame, instr)
+			return b.emitCSROperation(instr)
 		case strings.HasPrefix(name, "syscall.Syscall"):
-			return c.emitSyscall(frame, instr)
+			return b.createSyscall(instr)
 		case strings.HasPrefix(name, "runtime/volatile.Load"):
-			return c.emitVolatileLoad(frame, instr)
+			return b.createVolatileLoad(instr)
 		case strings.HasPrefix(name, "runtime/volatile.Store"):
-			return c.emitVolatileStore(frame, instr)
+			return b.createVolatileStore(instr)
 		case name == "runtime/interrupt.New":
-			return c.emitInterruptGlobal(frame, instr)
+			return b.createInterruptGlobal(instr)
 		}
 
-		targetFunc := c.ir.GetFunction(fn)
+		targetFunc := b.ir.GetFunction(fn)
 		if targetFunc.LLVMFn.IsNil() {
-			return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "undefined function: "+targetFunc.LinkName())
+			return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "undefined function: "+targetFunc.LinkName())
 		}
-		var context llvm.Value
 		switch value := instr.Value.(type) {
 		case *ssa.Function:
 			// Regular function call. No context is necessary.
-			context = llvm.Undef(c.i8ptrType)
+			context = llvm.Undef(b.i8ptrType)
 		case *ssa.MakeClosure:
 			// A call on a func value, but the callee is trivial to find. For
 			// example: immediately applied functions.
-			funcValue := frame.getValue(value)
-			context = c.extractFuncContext(funcValue)
+			funcValue := b.getValue(value)
+			context = b.extractFuncContext(funcValue)
 		default:
 			panic("StaticCallee returned an unexpected value")
 		}
-		return c.parseFunctionCall(frame, instr.Args, targetFunc.LLVMFn, context, targetFunc.IsExported()), nil
-	}
-
-	// Builtin or function pointer.
-	switch call := instr.Value.(type) {
-	case *ssa.Builtin:
-		return frame.createBuiltin(instr.Args, call.Name(), instr.Pos())
-	default: // function pointer
-		value := frame.getValue(instr.Value)
+		callee = targetFunc.LLVMFn
+		exported = targetFunc.IsExported()
+	} else if call, ok := instr.Value.(*ssa.Builtin); ok {
+		// Builtin function (append, close, delete, etc.).)
+		return b.createBuiltin(instr.Args, call.Name(), instr.Pos())
+	} else {
+		// Function pointer.
+		value := b.getValue(instr.Value)
 		// This is a func value, which cannot be called directly. We have to
 		// extract the function pointer and context first from the func value.
-		funcPtr, context := c.decodeFuncValue(value, instr.Value.Type().Underlying().(*types.Signature))
-		frame.createNilCheck(funcPtr, "fpcall")
-		return c.parseFunctionCall(frame, instr.Args, funcPtr, context, false), nil
+		callee, context = b.decodeFuncValue(value, instr.Value.Type().Underlying().(*types.Signature))
+		b.createNilCheck(callee, "fpcall")
+	}
+
+	var params []llvm.Value
+	for _, param := range instr.Args {
+		params = append(params, b.getValue(param))
+	}
+
+	if !exported {
+		// This function takes a context parameter.
+		// Add it to the end of the parameter list.
+		params = append(params, context)
+
+		// Parent coroutine handle.
+		params = append(params, llvm.Undef(b.i8ptrType))
 	}
+
+	return b.createCall(callee, params, ""), nil
 }
 
 // getValue returns the LLVM value of a constant, function value, global, or
@@ -1462,9 +1466,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) parseExpr(frame *Frame, expr ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
 		y := frame.getValue(expr.Y)
 		return frame.createBinOp(expr.Op, expr.X.Type(), x, y, expr.Pos())
 	case *ssa.Call:
-		// Passing the current task here to the subroutine. It is only used when
-		// the subroutine is blocking.
-		return c.parseCall(frame, expr.Common())
+		return frame.createFunctionCall(expr.Common())
 	case *ssa.ChangeInterface:
 		// Do not change between interface types: always use the underlying
 		// (concrete) type in the type number of the interface. Every method
diff --git a/compiler/func.go b/compiler/func.go
index 69fb78bce..9632e7125 100644
--- a/compiler/func.go
+++ b/compiler/func.go
@@ -71,22 +71,22 @@ func (b *builder) extractFuncScalar(funcValue llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
 
 // extractFuncContext extracts the context pointer from this function value. It
 // is a cheap operation.
-func (c *Compiler) extractFuncContext(funcValue llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
-	return c.builder.CreateExtractValue(funcValue, 0, "")
+func (b *builder) extractFuncContext(funcValue llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
+	return b.CreateExtractValue(funcValue, 0, "")
 }
 
 // decodeFuncValue extracts the context and the function pointer from this func
 // value. This may be an expensive operation.
-func (c *Compiler) decodeFuncValue(funcValue llvm.Value, sig *types.Signature) (funcPtr, context llvm.Value) {
-	context = c.builder.CreateExtractValue(funcValue, 0, "")
-	switch c.FuncImplementation() {
+func (b *builder) decodeFuncValue(funcValue llvm.Value, sig *types.Signature) (funcPtr, context llvm.Value) {
+	context = b.CreateExtractValue(funcValue, 0, "")
+	switch b.FuncImplementation() {
 	case compileopts.FuncValueDoubleword:
-		funcPtr = c.builder.CreateExtractValue(funcValue, 1, "")
+		funcPtr = b.CreateExtractValue(funcValue, 1, "")
 	case compileopts.FuncValueSwitch:
-		llvmSig := c.getRawFuncType(sig)
-		sigGlobal := c.getTypeCode(sig)
-		funcPtr = c.createRuntimeCall("getFuncPtr", []llvm.Value{funcValue, sigGlobal}, "")
-		funcPtr = c.builder.CreateIntToPtr(funcPtr, llvmSig, "")
+		llvmSig := b.getRawFuncType(sig)
+		sigGlobal := b.getTypeCode(sig)
+		funcPtr = b.createRuntimeCall("getFuncPtr", []llvm.Value{funcValue, sigGlobal}, "")
+		funcPtr = b.CreateIntToPtr(funcPtr, llvmSig, "")
 	default:
 		panic("unimplemented func value variant")
 	}
diff --git a/compiler/inlineasm.go b/compiler/inlineasm.go
index 77e1af96a..2727228a1 100644
--- a/compiler/inlineasm.go
+++ b/compiler/inlineasm.go
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ import (
 //     func ReadRegister(name string) uintptr
 //
 // The register name must be a constant, for example "sp".
-func (c *Compiler) emitReadRegister(name string, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
-	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, []llvm.Type{}, false)
+func (b *builder) createReadRegister(name string, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
+	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, []llvm.Type{}, false)
 	regname := constant.StringVal(args[0].(*ssa.Const).Value)
 	var asm string
 	switch name {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitReadRegister(name string, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value,
 		panic("unknown architecture")
 	}
 	target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, "=r", false, false, 0)
-	return c.builder.CreateCall(target, nil, ""), nil
+	return b.CreateCall(target, nil, ""), nil
 }
 
 // This is a compiler builtin, which emits a piece of inline assembly with no
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitReadRegister(name string, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value,
 //     func Asm(asm string)
 //
 // The provided assembly must be a constant.
-func (c *Compiler) emitAsm(args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
+func (b *builder) createInlineAsm(args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
 	// Magic function: insert inline assembly instead of calling it.
-	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.ctx.VoidType(), []llvm.Type{}, false)
+	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.ctx.VoidType(), []llvm.Type{}, false)
 	asm := constant.StringVal(args[0].(*ssa.Const).Value)
 	target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, "", true, false, 0)
-	return c.builder.CreateCall(target, nil, ""), nil
+	return b.CreateCall(target, nil, ""), nil
 }
 
 // This is a compiler builtin, which allows assembly to be called in a flexible
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitAsm(args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
 //             "value":  1
 //             "result": &dest,
 //         })
-func (c *Compiler) emitAsmFull(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+func (b *builder) createInlineAsmFull(instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
 	asmString := constant.StringVal(instr.Args[0].(*ssa.Const).Value)
 	registers := map[string]llvm.Value{}
 	registerMap := instr.Args[1].(*ssa.MakeMap)
@@ -73,17 +73,17 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitAsmFull(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 			// ignore
 		case *ssa.MapUpdate:
 			if r.Block() != registerMap.Block() {
-				return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "register value map must be created in the same basic block")
+				return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "register value map must be created in the same basic block")
 			}
 			key := constant.StringVal(r.Key.(*ssa.Const).Value)
 			//println("value:", r.Value.(*ssa.MakeInterface).X.String())
-			registers[key] = frame.getValue(r.Value.(*ssa.MakeInterface).X)
+			registers[key] = b.getValue(r.Value.(*ssa.MakeInterface).X)
 		case *ssa.Call:
 			if r.Common() == instr {
 				break
 			}
 		default:
-			return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "don't know how to handle argument to inline assembly: "+r.String())
+			return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "don't know how to handle argument to inline assembly: "+r.String())
 		}
 	}
 	// TODO: handle dollar signs in asm string
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitAsmFull(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 		name := s[1 : len(s)-1]
 		if _, ok := registers[name]; !ok {
 			if err == nil {
-				err = c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "unknown register name: "+name)
+				err = b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "unknown register name: "+name)
 			}
 			return s
 		}
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitAsmFull(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 			case llvm.PointerTypeKind:
 				constraints = append(constraints, "*m")
 			default:
-				err = c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "unknown type in inline assembly for value: "+name)
+				err = b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "unknown type in inline assembly for value: "+name)
 				return s
 			}
 		}
@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitAsmFull(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 	if err != nil {
 		return llvm.Value{}, err
 	}
-	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.ctx.VoidType(), argTypes, false)
+	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.ctx.VoidType(), argTypes, false)
 	target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asmString, strings.Join(constraints, ","), true, false, 0)
-	return c.builder.CreateCall(target, args, ""), nil
+	return b.CreateCall(target, args, ""), nil
 }
 
 // This is a compiler builtin which emits an inline SVCall instruction. It can
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitAsmFull(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 //
 // The num parameter must be a constant. All other parameters may be any scalar
 // value supported by LLVM inline assembly.
-func (c *Compiler) emitSVCall(frame *Frame, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
+func (b *builder) emitSVCall(args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error) {
 	num, _ := constant.Uint64Val(args[0].(*ssa.Const).Value)
 	llvmArgs := []llvm.Value{}
 	argTypes := []llvm.Type{}
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSVCall(frame *Frame, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error
 		} else {
 			constraints += ",{r" + strconv.Itoa(i) + "}"
 		}
-		llvmValue := frame.getValue(arg)
+		llvmValue := b.getValue(arg)
 		llvmArgs = append(llvmArgs, llvmValue)
 		argTypes = append(argTypes, llvmValue.Type())
 	}
@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSVCall(frame *Frame, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error
 	// clobbered. r0 is used as an output register so doesn't have to be
 	// marked as clobbered.
 	constraints += ",~{r1},~{r2},~{r3}"
-	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
+	fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
 	target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, constraints, true, false, 0)
-	return c.builder.CreateCall(target, llvmArgs, ""), nil
+	return b.CreateCall(target, llvmArgs, ""), nil
 }
 
 // This is a compiler builtin which emits CSR instructions. It can be one of:
@@ -172,38 +172,38 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSVCall(frame *Frame, args []ssa.Value) (llvm.Value, error
 //
 // The csr parameter (method receiver) must be a constant. Other parameter can
 // be any value.
-func (c *Compiler) emitCSROperation(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+func (b *builder) emitCSROperation(call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
 	csrConst, ok := call.Args[0].(*ssa.Const)
 	if !ok {
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(call.Pos(), "CSR must be constant")
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(call.Pos(), "CSR must be constant")
 	}
 	csr := csrConst.Uint64()
 	switch name := call.StaticCallee().Name(); name {
 	case "Get":
 		// Note that this instruction may have side effects, and thus must be
 		// marked as such.
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, nil, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, nil, false)
 		asm := fmt.Sprintf("csrr $0, %d", csr)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, "=r", true, false, 0)
-		return c.builder.CreateCall(target, nil, ""), nil
+		return b.CreateCall(target, nil, ""), nil
 	case "Set":
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.ctx.VoidType(), []llvm.Type{c.uintptrType}, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.ctx.VoidType(), []llvm.Type{b.uintptrType}, false)
 		asm := fmt.Sprintf("csrw %d, $0", csr)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, "r", true, false, 0)
-		return c.builder.CreateCall(target, []llvm.Value{frame.getValue(call.Args[1])}, ""), nil
+		return b.CreateCall(target, []llvm.Value{b.getValue(call.Args[1])}, ""), nil
 	case "SetBits":
 		// Note: it may be possible to optimize this to csrrsi in many cases.
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, []llvm.Type{c.uintptrType}, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, []llvm.Type{b.uintptrType}, false)
 		asm := fmt.Sprintf("csrrs $0, %d, $1", csr)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, "=r,r", true, false, 0)
-		return c.builder.CreateCall(target, []llvm.Value{frame.getValue(call.Args[1])}, ""), nil
+		return b.CreateCall(target, []llvm.Value{b.getValue(call.Args[1])}, ""), nil
 	case "ClearBits":
 		// Note: it may be possible to optimize this to csrrci in many cases.
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, []llvm.Type{c.uintptrType}, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, []llvm.Type{b.uintptrType}, false)
 		asm := fmt.Sprintf("csrrc $0, %d, $1", csr)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, asm, "=r,r", true, false, 0)
-		return c.builder.CreateCall(target, []llvm.Value{frame.getValue(call.Args[1])}, ""), nil
+		return b.CreateCall(target, []llvm.Value{b.getValue(call.Args[1])}, ""), nil
 	default:
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(call.Pos(), "unknown CSR operation: "+name)
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(call.Pos(), "unknown CSR operation: "+name)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/compiler/interrupt.go b/compiler/interrupt.go
index 7f4fd77ac..e4e31c080 100644
--- a/compiler/interrupt.go
+++ b/compiler/interrupt.go
@@ -8,62 +8,62 @@ import (
 	"tinygo.org/x/go-llvm"
 )
 
-// emitInterruptGlobal creates a new runtime/interrupt.Interrupt struct that
+// createInterruptGlobal creates a new runtime/interrupt.Interrupt struct that
 // will be lowered to a real interrupt during interrupt lowering.
 //
 // This two-stage approach allows unused interrupts to be optimized away if
 // necessary.
-func (c *Compiler) emitInterruptGlobal(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+func (b *builder) createInterruptGlobal(instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
 	// Get the interrupt number, which must be a compile-time constant.
 	id, ok := instr.Args[0].(*ssa.Const)
 	if !ok {
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "interrupt ID is not a constant")
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "interrupt ID is not a constant")
 	}
 
 	// Get the func value, which also must be a compile time constant.
 	// Note that bound functions are allowed if the function has a pointer
 	// receiver and is a global. This is rather strict but still allows for
 	// idiomatic Go code.
-	funcValue := frame.getValue(instr.Args[1])
+	funcValue := b.getValue(instr.Args[1])
 	if funcValue.IsAConstant().IsNil() {
 		// Try to determine the cause of the non-constantness for a nice error
 		// message.
 		switch instr.Args[1].(type) {
 		case *ssa.MakeClosure:
 			// This may also be a bound method.
-			return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "closures are not supported in interrupt.New")
+			return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "closures are not supported in interrupt.New")
 		}
 		// Fall back to a generic error.
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "interrupt function must be constant")
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "interrupt function must be constant")
 	}
 
 	// Create a new global of type runtime/interrupt.handle. Globals of this
 	// type are lowered in the interrupt lowering pass.
-	globalType := c.ir.Program.ImportedPackage("runtime/interrupt").Type("handle").Type()
-	globalLLVMType := c.getLLVMType(globalType)
+	globalType := b.ir.Program.ImportedPackage("runtime/interrupt").Type("handle").Type()
+	globalLLVMType := b.getLLVMType(globalType)
 	globalName := "runtime/interrupt.$interrupt" + strconv.FormatInt(id.Int64(), 10)
-	if global := c.mod.NamedGlobal(globalName); !global.IsNil() {
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(instr.Pos(), "interrupt redeclared in this program")
+	if global := b.mod.NamedGlobal(globalName); !global.IsNil() {
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(instr.Pos(), "interrupt redeclared in this program")
 	}
-	global := llvm.AddGlobal(c.mod, globalLLVMType, globalName)
+	global := llvm.AddGlobal(b.mod, globalLLVMType, globalName)
 	global.SetLinkage(llvm.PrivateLinkage)
 	global.SetGlobalConstant(true)
 	global.SetUnnamedAddr(true)
 	initializer := llvm.ConstNull(globalLLVMType)
 	initializer = llvm.ConstInsertValue(initializer, funcValue, []uint32{0})
-	initializer = llvm.ConstInsertValue(initializer, llvm.ConstInt(c.intType, uint64(id.Int64()), true), []uint32{1, 0})
+	initializer = llvm.ConstInsertValue(initializer, llvm.ConstInt(b.intType, uint64(id.Int64()), true), []uint32{1, 0})
 	global.SetInitializer(initializer)
 
 	// Add debug info to the interrupt global.
-	if c.Debug() {
-		pos := c.ir.Program.Fset.Position(instr.Pos())
-		diglobal := c.dibuilder.CreateGlobalVariableExpression(c.difiles[pos.Filename], llvm.DIGlobalVariableExpression{
+	if b.Debug() {
+		pos := b.ir.Program.Fset.Position(instr.Pos())
+		diglobal := b.dibuilder.CreateGlobalVariableExpression(b.getDIFile(pos.Filename), llvm.DIGlobalVariableExpression{
 			Name:        "interrupt" + strconv.FormatInt(id.Int64(), 10),
 			LinkageName: globalName,
-			File:        c.getDIFile(pos.Filename),
+			File:        b.getDIFile(pos.Filename),
 			Line:        pos.Line,
-			Type:        c.getDIType(globalType),
-			Expr:        c.dibuilder.CreateExpression(nil),
+			Type:        b.getDIType(globalType),
+			Expr:        b.dibuilder.CreateExpression(nil),
 			LocalToUnit: false,
 		})
 		global.AddMetadata(0, diglobal)
@@ -71,21 +71,21 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitInterruptGlobal(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llv
 
 	// Create the runtime/interrupt.Interrupt type. It is a struct with a single
 	// member of type int.
-	num := llvm.ConstPtrToInt(global, c.intType)
-	interrupt := llvm.ConstNamedStruct(c.mod.GetTypeByName("runtime/interrupt.Interrupt"), []llvm.Value{num})
+	num := llvm.ConstPtrToInt(global, b.intType)
+	interrupt := llvm.ConstNamedStruct(b.mod.GetTypeByName("runtime/interrupt.Interrupt"), []llvm.Value{num})
 
 	// Add dummy "use" call for AVR, because interrupts may be used even though
 	// they are never referenced again. This is unlike Cortex-M or the RISC-V
 	// PLIC where each interrupt must be enabled using the interrupt number, and
 	// thus keeps the Interrupt object alive.
 	// This call is removed during interrupt lowering.
-	if strings.HasPrefix(c.Triple(), "avr") {
-		useFn := c.mod.NamedFunction("runtime/interrupt.use")
+	if strings.HasPrefix(b.Triple(), "avr") {
+		useFn := b.mod.NamedFunction("runtime/interrupt.use")
 		if useFn.IsNil() {
-			useFnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.ctx.VoidType(), []llvm.Type{interrupt.Type()}, false)
-			useFn = llvm.AddFunction(c.mod, "runtime/interrupt.use", useFnType)
+			useFnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.ctx.VoidType(), []llvm.Type{interrupt.Type()}, false)
+			useFn = llvm.AddFunction(b.mod, "runtime/interrupt.use", useFnType)
 		}
-		c.builder.CreateCall(useFn, []llvm.Value{interrupt}, "")
+		b.CreateCall(useFn, []llvm.Value{interrupt}, "")
 	}
 
 	return interrupt, nil
diff --git a/compiler/syscall.go b/compiler/syscall.go
index 074a88caf..8bb873fac 100644
--- a/compiler/syscall.go
+++ b/compiler/syscall.go
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ import (
 	"tinygo.org/x/go-llvm"
 )
 
-// emitSyscall emits an inline system call instruction, depending on the target
-// OS/arch.
-func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
-	num := frame.getValue(call.Args[0])
+// createSyscall emits an inline system call instruction, depending on the
+// target OS/arch.
+func (b *builder) createSyscall(call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+	num := b.getValue(call.Args[0])
 	var syscallResult llvm.Value
 	switch {
-	case c.GOARCH() == "amd64":
-		if c.GOOS() == "darwin" {
+	case b.GOARCH() == "amd64":
+		if b.GOOS() == "darwin" {
 			// Darwin adds this magic number to system call numbers:
 			//
 			// > Syscall classes for 64-bit system call entry.
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 			// > All system classes enter the kernel via the syscall instruction.
 			//
 			// Source: https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-792.13.8/osfmk/mach/i386/syscall_sw.h
-			num = c.builder.CreateOr(num, llvm.ConstInt(c.uintptrType, 0x2000000, false), "")
+			num = b.CreateOr(num, llvm.ConstInt(b.uintptrType, 0x2000000, false), "")
 		}
 		// Sources:
 		//   https://stackoverflow.com/a/2538212
 		//   https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/Interfacing_with_Linux#syscall
 		args := []llvm.Value{num}
-		argTypes := []llvm.Type{c.uintptrType}
+		argTypes := []llvm.Type{b.uintptrType}
 		// Constraints will look something like:
 		//   "={rax},0,{rdi},{rsi},{rdx},{r10},{r8},{r9},~{rcx},~{r11}"
 		constraints := "={rax},0"
@@ -50,21 +50,21 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 				"{r12}",
 				"{r13}",
 			}[i]
-			llvmValue := frame.getValue(arg)
+			llvmValue := b.getValue(arg)
 			args = append(args, llvmValue)
 			argTypes = append(argTypes, llvmValue.Type())
 		}
 		constraints += ",~{rcx},~{r11}"
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, "syscall", constraints, true, false, llvm.InlineAsmDialectIntel)
-		syscallResult = c.builder.CreateCall(target, args, "")
-	case c.GOARCH() == "386" && c.GOOS() == "linux":
+		syscallResult = b.CreateCall(target, args, "")
+	case b.GOARCH() == "386" && b.GOOS() == "linux":
 		// Sources:
 		//   syscall(2) man page
 		//   https://stackoverflow.com/a/2538212
 		//   https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/Interfacing_with_Linux#int_0x80
 		args := []llvm.Value{num}
-		argTypes := []llvm.Type{c.uintptrType}
+		argTypes := []llvm.Type{b.uintptrType}
 		// Constraints will look something like:
 		//   "={eax},0,{ebx},{ecx},{edx},{esi},{edi},{ebp}"
 		constraints := "={eax},0"
@@ -77,14 +77,14 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 				"{edi}",
 				"{ebp}",
 			}[i]
-			llvmValue := frame.getValue(arg)
+			llvmValue := b.getValue(arg)
 			args = append(args, llvmValue)
 			argTypes = append(argTypes, llvmValue.Type())
 		}
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, "int 0x80", constraints, true, false, llvm.InlineAsmDialectIntel)
-		syscallResult = c.builder.CreateCall(target, args, "")
-	case c.GOARCH() == "arm" && c.GOOS() == "linux":
+		syscallResult = b.CreateCall(target, args, "")
+	case b.GOARCH() == "arm" && b.GOOS() == "linux":
 		// Implement the EABI system call convention for Linux.
 		// Source: syscall(2) man page.
 		args := []llvm.Value{}
@@ -102,21 +102,21 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 				"{r5}",
 				"{r6}",
 			}[i]
-			llvmValue := frame.getValue(arg)
+			llvmValue := b.getValue(arg)
 			args = append(args, llvmValue)
 			argTypes = append(argTypes, llvmValue.Type())
 		}
 		args = append(args, num)
-		argTypes = append(argTypes, c.uintptrType)
+		argTypes = append(argTypes, b.uintptrType)
 		constraints += ",{r7}" // syscall number
 		for i := len(call.Args) - 1; i < 4; i++ {
 			// r0-r3 get clobbered after the syscall returns
 			constraints += ",~{r" + strconv.Itoa(i) + "}"
 		}
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, "svc #0", constraints, true, false, 0)
-		syscallResult = c.builder.CreateCall(target, args, "")
-	case c.GOARCH() == "arm64" && c.GOOS() == "linux":
+		syscallResult = b.CreateCall(target, args, "")
+	case b.GOARCH() == "arm64" && b.GOOS() == "linux":
 		// Source: syscall(2) man page.
 		args := []llvm.Value{}
 		argTypes := []llvm.Type{}
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 				"{x4}",
 				"{x5}",
 			}[i]
-			llvmValue := frame.getValue(arg)
+			llvmValue := b.getValue(arg)
 			args = append(args, llvmValue)
 			argTypes = append(argTypes, llvmValue.Type())
 		}
 		args = append(args, num)
-		argTypes = append(argTypes, c.uintptrType)
+		argTypes = append(argTypes, b.uintptrType)
 		constraints += ",{x8}" // syscall number
 		for i := len(call.Args) - 1; i < 8; i++ {
 			// x0-x7 may get clobbered during the syscall following the aarch64
@@ -145,13 +145,13 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 			constraints += ",~{x" + strconv.Itoa(i) + "}"
 		}
 		constraints += ",~{x16},~{x17}" // scratch registers
-		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(c.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
+		fnType := llvm.FunctionType(b.uintptrType, argTypes, false)
 		target := llvm.InlineAsm(fnType, "svc #0", constraints, true, false, 0)
-		syscallResult = c.builder.CreateCall(target, args, "")
+		syscallResult = b.CreateCall(target, args, "")
 	default:
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(call.Pos(), "unknown GOOS/GOARCH for syscall: "+c.GOOS()+"/"+c.GOARCH())
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(call.Pos(), "unknown GOOS/GOARCH for syscall: "+b.GOOS()+"/"+b.GOARCH())
 	}
-	switch c.GOOS() {
+	switch b.GOOS() {
 	case "linux", "freebsd":
 		// Return values: r0, r1 uintptr, err Errno
 		// Pseudocode:
@@ -160,15 +160,15 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 		//         err = -syscallResult
 		//     }
 		//     return syscallResult, 0, err
-		zero := llvm.ConstInt(c.uintptrType, 0, false)
-		inrange1 := c.builder.CreateICmp(llvm.IntSLT, syscallResult, llvm.ConstInt(c.uintptrType, 0, false), "")
-		inrange2 := c.builder.CreateICmp(llvm.IntSGT, syscallResult, llvm.ConstInt(c.uintptrType, 0xfffffffffffff000, true), "") // -4096
-		hasError := c.builder.CreateAnd(inrange1, inrange2, "")
-		errResult := c.builder.CreateSelect(hasError, c.builder.CreateSub(zero, syscallResult, ""), zero, "syscallError")
-		retval := llvm.Undef(c.ctx.StructType([]llvm.Type{c.uintptrType, c.uintptrType, c.uintptrType}, false))
-		retval = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(retval, syscallResult, 0, "")
-		retval = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(retval, zero, 1, "")
-		retval = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(retval, errResult, 2, "")
+		zero := llvm.ConstInt(b.uintptrType, 0, false)
+		inrange1 := b.CreateICmp(llvm.IntSLT, syscallResult, llvm.ConstInt(b.uintptrType, 0, false), "")
+		inrange2 := b.CreateICmp(llvm.IntSGT, syscallResult, llvm.ConstInt(b.uintptrType, 0xfffffffffffff000, true), "") // -4096
+		hasError := b.CreateAnd(inrange1, inrange2, "")
+		errResult := b.CreateSelect(hasError, b.CreateSub(zero, syscallResult, ""), zero, "syscallError")
+		retval := llvm.Undef(b.ctx.StructType([]llvm.Type{b.uintptrType, b.uintptrType, b.uintptrType}, false))
+		retval = b.CreateInsertValue(retval, syscallResult, 0, "")
+		retval = b.CreateInsertValue(retval, zero, 1, "")
+		retval = b.CreateInsertValue(retval, errResult, 2, "")
 		return retval, nil
 	case "darwin":
 		// Return values: r0, r1 uintptr, err Errno
@@ -178,15 +178,15 @@ func (c *Compiler) emitSyscall(frame *Frame, call *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value,
 		//         err = syscallResult
 		//     }
 		//     return syscallResult, 0, err
-		zero := llvm.ConstInt(c.uintptrType, 0, false)
-		hasError := c.builder.CreateICmp(llvm.IntNE, syscallResult, llvm.ConstInt(c.uintptrType, 0, false), "")
-		errResult := c.builder.CreateSelect(hasError, syscallResult, zero, "syscallError")
-		retval := llvm.Undef(c.ctx.StructType([]llvm.Type{c.uintptrType, c.uintptrType, c.uintptrType}, false))
-		retval = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(retval, syscallResult, 0, "")
-		retval = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(retval, zero, 1, "")
-		retval = c.builder.CreateInsertValue(retval, errResult, 2, "")
+		zero := llvm.ConstInt(b.uintptrType, 0, false)
+		hasError := b.CreateICmp(llvm.IntNE, syscallResult, llvm.ConstInt(b.uintptrType, 0, false), "")
+		errResult := b.CreateSelect(hasError, syscallResult, zero, "syscallError")
+		retval := llvm.Undef(b.ctx.StructType([]llvm.Type{b.uintptrType, b.uintptrType, b.uintptrType}, false))
+		retval = b.CreateInsertValue(retval, syscallResult, 0, "")
+		retval = b.CreateInsertValue(retval, zero, 1, "")
+		retval = b.CreateInsertValue(retval, errResult, 2, "")
 		return retval, nil
 	default:
-		return llvm.Value{}, c.makeError(call.Pos(), "unknown GOOS/GOARCH for syscall: "+c.GOOS()+"/"+c.GOARCH())
+		return llvm.Value{}, b.makeError(call.Pos(), "unknown GOOS/GOARCH for syscall: "+b.GOOS()+"/"+b.GOARCH())
 	}
 }
diff --git a/compiler/volatile.go b/compiler/volatile.go
index 237d55461..d2e51c84d 100644
--- a/compiler/volatile.go
+++ b/compiler/volatile.go
@@ -8,19 +8,23 @@ import (
 	"tinygo.org/x/go-llvm"
 )
 
-func (c *Compiler) emitVolatileLoad(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
-	addr := frame.getValue(instr.Args[0])
-	frame.createNilCheck(addr, "deref")
-	val := c.builder.CreateLoad(addr, "")
+// createVolatileLoad is the implementation of the intrinsic function
+// runtime/volatile.LoadT().
+func (b *builder) createVolatileLoad(instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+	addr := b.getValue(instr.Args[0])
+	b.createNilCheck(addr, "deref")
+	val := b.CreateLoad(addr, "")
 	val.SetVolatile(true)
 	return val, nil
 }
 
-func (c *Compiler) emitVolatileStore(frame *Frame, instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
-	addr := frame.getValue(instr.Args[0])
-	val := frame.getValue(instr.Args[1])
-	frame.createNilCheck(addr, "deref")
-	store := c.builder.CreateStore(val, addr)
+// createVolatileStore is the implementation of the intrinsic function
+// runtime/volatile.StoreT().
+func (b *builder) createVolatileStore(instr *ssa.CallCommon) (llvm.Value, error) {
+	addr := b.getValue(instr.Args[0])
+	val := b.getValue(instr.Args[1])
+	b.createNilCheck(addr, "deref")
+	store := b.CreateStore(val, addr)
 	store.SetVolatile(true)
 	return llvm.Value{}, nil
 }