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---
title: strings.Substr
description: Extracts parts of a string from a specified character's position and returns the specified number of characters.
categories: []
keywords: []
action:
aliases: [substr]
related: []
returnType: string
signatures: ['strings.Substr STRING START [LENGTH]']
aliases: [/functions/substr]
---
It normally takes two argument: `start` and `length`. It can also take one argument: `start`, i.e. `length` is omitted, in which case the substring starting from start until the end of the string will be returned.
To extract characters from the end of the string, use a negative start number.
If `length` is given and is negative, that number of characters will be omitted from the end of string.
```go-html-template
{{ substr "abcdef" 0 }} → abcdef
{{ substr "abcdef" 1 }} → bcdef
{{ substr "abcdef" 0 1 }} → a
{{ substr "abcdef" 1 1 }} → b
{{ substr "abcdef" 0 -1 }} → abcde
{{ substr "abcdef" 1 -1 }} → bcde
{{ substr "abcdef" -1 }} → f
{{ substr "abcdef" -2 }} → ef
{{ substr "abcdef" -1 1 }} → f
{{ substr "abcdef" -2 1 }} → e
{{ substr "abcdef" -3 -1 }} → de
{{ substr "abcdef" -3 -2 }} → d
```
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