path: root/libs/dns/zone.py

# Copyright (C) Dnspython Contributors, see LICENSE for text of ISC license

# Copyright (C) 2003-2007, 2009-2011 Nominum, Inc.
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
# documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted,
# provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice
# appear in all copies.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND NOMINUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL NOMINUM BE LIABLE FOR
# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
# OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

"""DNS Zones."""

import contextlib
import io
import os
import struct
from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    Iterable,
    Iterator,
    List,
    MutableMapping,
    Optional,
    Set,
    Tuple,
    Union,
)

import dns.exception
import dns.grange
import dns.immutable
import dns.name
import dns.node
import dns.rdata
import dns.rdataclass
import dns.rdataset
import dns.rdatatype
import dns.rdtypes.ANY.SOA
import dns.rdtypes.ANY.ZONEMD
import dns.rrset
import dns.tokenizer
import dns.transaction
import dns.ttl
import dns.zonefile
from dns.zonetypes import DigestHashAlgorithm, DigestScheme, _digest_hashers


class BadZone(dns.exception.DNSException):
    """The DNS zone is malformed."""


class NoSOA(BadZone):
    """The DNS zone has no SOA RR at its origin."""


class NoNS(BadZone):
    """The DNS zone has no NS RRset at its origin."""


class UnknownOrigin(BadZone):
    """The DNS zone's origin is unknown."""


class UnsupportedDigestScheme(dns.exception.DNSException):
    """The zone digest's scheme is unsupported."""


class UnsupportedDigestHashAlgorithm(dns.exception.DNSException):
    """The zone digest's origin is unsupported."""


class NoDigest(dns.exception.DNSException):
    """The DNS zone has no ZONEMD RRset at its origin."""


class DigestVerificationFailure(dns.exception.DNSException):
    """The ZONEMD digest failed to verify."""


def _validate_name(
    name: dns.name.Name,
    origin: Optional[dns.name.Name],
    relativize: bool,
) -> dns.name.Name:
    # This name validation code is shared by Zone and Version
    if origin is None:
        # This should probably never happen as other code (e.g.
        # _rr_line) will notice the lack of an origin before us, but
        # we check just in case!
        raise KeyError("no zone origin is defined")
    if name.is_absolute():
        if not name.is_subdomain(origin):
            raise KeyError("name parameter must be a subdomain of the zone origin")
        if relativize:
            name = name.relativize(origin)
    else:
        # We have a relative name.  Make sure that the derelativized name is
        # not too long.
        try:
            abs_name = name.derelativize(origin)
        except dns.name.NameTooLong:
            # We map dns.name.NameTooLong to KeyError to be consistent with
            # the other exceptions above.
            raise KeyError("relative name too long for zone")
        if not relativize:
            # We have a relative name in a non-relative zone, so use the
            # derelativized name.
            name = abs_name
    return name


class Zone(dns.transaction.TransactionManager):
    """A DNS zone.

    A ``Zone`` is a mapping from names to nodes.  The zone object may be
    treated like a Python dictionary, e.g. ``zone[name]`` will retrieve
    the node associated with that name.  The *name* may be a
    ``dns.name.Name object``, or it may be a string.  In either case,
    if the name is relative it is treated as relative to the origin of
    the zone.
    """

    node_factory: Callable[[], dns.node.Node] = dns.node.Node
    map_factory: Callable[[], MutableMapping[dns.name.Name, dns.node.Node]] = dict
    writable_version_factory: Optional[Callable[[], "WritableVersion"]] = None
    immutable_version_factory: Optional[Callable[[], "ImmutableVersion"]] = None

    __slots__ = ["rdclass", "origin", "nodes", "relativize"]

    def __init__(
        self,
        origin: Optional[Union[dns.name.Name, str]],
        rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass = dns.rdataclass.IN,
        relativize: bool = True,
    ):
        """Initialize a zone object.

        *origin* is the origin of the zone.  It may be a ``dns.name.Name``,
        a ``str``, or ``None``.  If ``None``, then the zone's origin will
        be set by the first ``$ORIGIN`` line in a zone file.

        *rdclass*, an ``int``, the zone's rdata class; the default is class IN.

        *relativize*, a ``bool``, determine's whether domain names are
        relativized to the zone's origin.  The default is ``True``.
        """

        if origin is not None:
            if isinstance(origin, str):
                origin = dns.name.from_text(origin)
            elif not isinstance(origin, dns.name.Name):
                raise ValueError("origin parameter must be convertible to a DNS name")
            if not origin.is_absolute():
                raise ValueError("origin parameter must be an absolute name")
        self.origin = origin
        self.rdclass = rdclass
        self.nodes: MutableMapping[dns.name.Name, dns.node.Node] = self.map_factory()
        self.relativize = relativize

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """Two zones are equal if they have the same origin, class, and
        nodes.

        Returns a ``bool``.
        """

        if not isinstance(other, Zone):
            return False
        if (
            self.rdclass != other.rdclass
            or self.origin != other.origin
            or self.nodes != other.nodes
        ):
            return False
        return True

    def __ne__(self, other):
        """Are two zones not equal?

        Returns a ``bool``.
        """

        return not self.__eq__(other)

    def _validate_name(self, name: Union[dns.name.Name, str]) -> dns.name.Name:
        # Note that any changes in this method should have corresponding changes
        # made in the Version _validate_name() method.
        if isinstance(name, str):
            name = dns.name.from_text(name, None)
        elif not isinstance(name, dns.name.Name):
            raise KeyError("name parameter must be convertible to a DNS name")
        return _validate_name(name, self.origin, self.relativize)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        key = self._validate_name(key)
        return self.nodes[key]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        key = self._validate_name(key)
        self.nodes[key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        key = self._validate_name(key)
        del self.nodes[key]

    def __iter__(self):
        return self.nodes.__iter__()

    def keys(self):
        return self.nodes.keys()

    def values(self):
        return self.nodes.values()

    def items(self):
        return self.nodes.items()

    def get(self, key):
        key = self._validate_name(key)
        return self.nodes.get(key)

    def __contains__(self, key):
        key = self._validate_name(key)
        return key in self.nodes

    def find_node(
        self, name: Union[dns.name.Name, str], create: bool = False
    ) -> dns.node.Node:
        """Find a node in the zone, possibly creating it.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *create*, a ``bool``.  If true, the node will be created if it does
        not exist.

        Raises ``KeyError`` if the name is not known and create was
        not specified, or if the name was not a subdomain of the origin.

        Returns a ``dns.node.Node``.
        """

        name = self._validate_name(name)
        node = self.nodes.get(name)
        if node is None:
            if not create:
                raise KeyError
            node = self.node_factory()
            self.nodes[name] = node
        return node

    def get_node(
        self, name: Union[dns.name.Name, str], create: bool = False
    ) -> Optional[dns.node.Node]:
        """Get a node in the zone, possibly creating it.

        This method is like ``find_node()``, except it returns None instead
        of raising an exception if the node does not exist and creation
        has not been requested.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *create*, a ``bool``.  If true, the node will be created if it does
        not exist.

        Returns a ``dns.node.Node`` or ``None``.
        """

        try:
            node = self.find_node(name, create)
        except KeyError:
            node = None
        return node

    def delete_node(self, name: Union[dns.name.Name, str]) -> None:
        """Delete the specified node if it exists.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        It is not an error if the node does not exist.
        """

        name = self._validate_name(name)
        if name in self.nodes:
            del self.nodes[name]

    def find_rdataset(
        self,
        name: Union[dns.name.Name, str],
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str],
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
        create: bool = False,
    ) -> dns.rdataset.Rdataset:
        """Look for an rdataset with the specified name and type in the zone,
        and return an rdataset encapsulating it.

        The rdataset returned is not a copy; changes to it will change
        the zone.

        KeyError is raised if the name or type are not found.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str`` the covered type.
        Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the
        rdtype is ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``,
        then the covers value will be the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG
        covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types as if they
        were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA).
        This makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs
        covering different rdata types were aggregated into a single
        RRSIG rdataset.

        *create*, a ``bool``.  If true, the node will be created if it does
        not exist.

        Raises ``KeyError`` if the name is not known and create was
        not specified, or if the name was not a subdomain of the origin.

        Returns a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset``.
        """

        name = self._validate_name(name)
        rdtype = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(rdtype)
        covers = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(covers)
        node = self.find_node(name, create)
        return node.find_rdataset(self.rdclass, rdtype, covers, create)

    def get_rdataset(
        self,
        name: Union[dns.name.Name, str],
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str],
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
        create: bool = False,
    ) -> Optional[dns.rdataset.Rdataset]:
        """Look for an rdataset with the specified name and type in the zone.

        This method is like ``find_rdataset()``, except it returns None instead
        of raising an exception if the rdataset does not exist and creation
        has not been requested.

        The rdataset returned is not a copy; changes to it will change
        the zone.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str``, the covered type.
        Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the
        rdtype is ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``,
        then the covers value will be the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG
        covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types as if they
        were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA).
        This makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs
        covering different rdata types were aggregated into a single
        RRSIG rdataset.

        *create*, a ``bool``.  If true, the node will be created if it does
        not exist.

        Raises ``KeyError`` if the name is not known and create was
        not specified, or if the name was not a subdomain of the origin.

        Returns a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``None``.
        """

        try:
            rdataset = self.find_rdataset(name, rdtype, covers, create)
        except KeyError:
            rdataset = None
        return rdataset

    def delete_rdataset(
        self,
        name: Union[dns.name.Name, str],
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str],
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
    ) -> None:
        """Delete the rdataset matching *rdtype* and *covers*, if it
        exists at the node specified by *name*.

        It is not an error if the node does not exist, or if there is no matching
        rdataset at the node.

        If the node has no rdatasets after the deletion, it will itself be deleted.

        *name*: the name of the node to find. The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a
        ``str``.  If absolute, the name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If
        ``zone.relativize`` is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str`` or ``None``, the covered
        type. Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the rdtype is
        ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``, then the covers value will be
        the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types
        as if they were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA). This
        makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs covering different rdata
        types were aggregated into a single RRSIG rdataset.
        """

        name = self._validate_name(name)
        rdtype = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(rdtype)
        covers = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(covers)
        node = self.get_node(name)
        if node is not None:
            node.delete_rdataset(self.rdclass, rdtype, covers)
            if len(node) == 0:
                self.delete_node(name)

    def replace_rdataset(
        self, name: Union[dns.name.Name, str], replacement: dns.rdataset.Rdataset
    ) -> None:
        """Replace an rdataset at name.

        It is not an error if there is no rdataset matching I{replacement}.

        Ownership of the *replacement* object is transferred to the zone;
        in other words, this method does not store a copy of *replacement*
        at the node, it stores *replacement* itself.

        If the node does not exist, it is created.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *replacement*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset``, the replacement rdataset.
        """

        if replacement.rdclass != self.rdclass:
            raise ValueError("replacement.rdclass != zone.rdclass")
        node = self.find_node(name, True)
        node.replace_rdataset(replacement)

    def find_rrset(
        self,
        name: Union[dns.name.Name, str],
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str],
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
    ) -> dns.rrset.RRset:
        """Look for an rdataset with the specified name and type in the zone,
        and return an RRset encapsulating it.

        This method is less efficient than the similar
        ``find_rdataset()`` because it creates an RRset instead of
        returning the matching rdataset.  It may be more convenient
        for some uses since it returns an object which binds the owner
        name to the rdataset.

        This method may not be used to create new nodes or rdatasets;
        use ``find_rdataset`` instead.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdatatype.RdataType`` or ``str``, the covered type.
        Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the
        rdtype is ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``,
        then the covers value will be the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG
        covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types as if they
        were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA).
        This makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs
        covering different rdata types were aggregated into a single
        RRSIG rdataset.

        *create*, a ``bool``.  If true, the node will be created if it does
        not exist.

        Raises ``KeyError`` if the name is not known and create was
        not specified, or if the name was not a subdomain of the origin.

        Returns a ``dns.rrset.RRset`` or ``None``.
        """

        vname = self._validate_name(name)
        rdtype = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(rdtype)
        covers = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(covers)
        rdataset = self.nodes[vname].find_rdataset(self.rdclass, rdtype, covers)
        rrset = dns.rrset.RRset(vname, self.rdclass, rdtype, covers)
        rrset.update(rdataset)
        return rrset

    def get_rrset(
        self,
        name: Union[dns.name.Name, str],
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str],
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
    ) -> Optional[dns.rrset.RRset]:
        """Look for an rdataset with the specified name and type in the zone,
        and return an RRset encapsulating it.

        This method is less efficient than the similar ``get_rdataset()``
        because it creates an RRset instead of returning the matching
        rdataset.  It may be more convenient for some uses since it
        returns an object which binds the owner name to the rdataset.

        This method may not be used to create new nodes or rdatasets;
        use ``get_rdataset()`` instead.

        *name*: the name of the node to find.
        The value may be a ``dns.name.Name`` or a ``str``.  If absolute, the
        name must be a subdomain of the zone's origin.  If ``zone.relativize``
        is ``True``, then the name will be relativized.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``str``, the covered type.
        Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the
        rdtype is ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``,
        then the covers value will be the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG
        covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types as if they
        were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA).
        This makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs
        covering different rdata types were aggregated into a single
        RRSIG rdataset.

        *create*, a ``bool``.  If true, the node will be created if it does
        not exist.

        Returns a ``dns.rrset.RRset`` or ``None``.
        """

        try:
            rrset = self.find_rrset(name, rdtype, covers)
        except KeyError:
            rrset = None
        return rrset

    def iterate_rdatasets(
        self,
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.ANY,
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
    ) -> Iterator[Tuple[dns.name.Name, dns.rdataset.Rdataset]]:
        """Return a generator which yields (name, rdataset) tuples for
        all rdatasets in the zone which have the specified *rdtype*
        and *covers*.  If *rdtype* is ``dns.rdatatype.ANY``, the default,
        then all rdatasets will be matched.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``str``, the covered type.
        Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the
        rdtype is ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``,
        then the covers value will be the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG
        covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types as if they
        were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA).
        This makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs
        covering different rdata types were aggregated into a single
        RRSIG rdataset.
        """

        rdtype = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(rdtype)
        covers = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(covers)
        for name, node in self.items():
            for rds in node:
                if rdtype == dns.rdatatype.ANY or (
                    rds.rdtype == rdtype and rds.covers == covers
                ):
                    yield (name, rds)

    def iterate_rdatas(
        self,
        rdtype: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.ANY,
        covers: Union[dns.rdatatype.RdataType, str] = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
    ) -> Iterator[Tuple[dns.name.Name, int, dns.rdata.Rdata]]:
        """Return a generator which yields (name, ttl, rdata) tuples for
        all rdatas in the zone which have the specified *rdtype*
        and *covers*.  If *rdtype* is ``dns.rdatatype.ANY``, the default,
        then all rdatas will be matched.

        *rdtype*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``str``, the rdata type desired.

        *covers*, a ``dns.rdataset.Rdataset`` or ``str``, the covered type.
        Usually this value is ``dns.rdatatype.NONE``, but if the
        rdtype is ``dns.rdatatype.SIG`` or ``dns.rdatatype.RRSIG``,
        then the covers value will be the rdata type the SIG/RRSIG
        covers.  The library treats the SIG and RRSIG types as if they
        were a family of types, e.g. RRSIG(A), RRSIG(NS), RRSIG(SOA).
        This makes RRSIGs much easier to work with than if RRSIGs
        covering different rdata types were aggregated into a single
        RRSIG rdataset.
        """

        rdtype = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(rdtype)
        covers = dns.rdatatype.RdataType.make(covers)
        for name, node in self.items():
            for rds in node:
                if rdtype == dns.rdatatype.ANY or (
                    rds.rdtype == rdtype and rds.covers == covers
                ):
                    for rdata in rds:
                        yield (name, rds.ttl, rdata)

    def to_file(
        self,
        f: Any,
        sorted: bool = True,
        relativize: bool = True,
        nl: Optional[str] = None,
        want_comments: bool = False,
        want_origin: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Write a zone to a file.

        *f*, a file or `str`.  If *f* is a string, it is treated
        as the name of a file to open.

        *sorted*, a ``bool``.  If True, the default, then the file
        will be written with the names sorted in DNSSEC order from
        least to greatest.  Otherwise the names will be written in
        whatever order they happen to have in the zone's dictionary.

        *relativize*, a ``bool``.  If True, the default, then domain
        names in the output will be relativized to the zone's origin
        if possible.

        *nl*, a ``str`` or None.  The end of line string.  If not
        ``None``, the output will use the platform's native
        end-of-line marker (i.e. LF on POSIX, CRLF on Windows).

        *want_comments*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, emit end-of-line comments
        as part of writing the file.  If ``False``, the default, do not
        emit them.

        *want_origin*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, emit a $ORIGIN line at
        the start of the file.  If ``False``, the default, do not emit
        one.
        """

        if isinstance(f, str):
            cm: contextlib.AbstractContextManager = open(f, "wb")
        else:
            cm = contextlib.nullcontext(f)
        with cm as f:
            # must be in this way, f.encoding may contain None, or even
            # attribute may not be there
            file_enc = getattr(f, "encoding", None)
            if file_enc is None:
                file_enc = "utf-8"

            if nl is None:
                # binary mode, '\n' is not enough
                nl_b = os.linesep.encode(file_enc)
                nl = "\n"
            elif isinstance(nl, str):
                nl_b = nl.encode(file_enc)
            else:
                nl_b = nl
                nl = nl.decode()

            if want_origin:
                assert self.origin is not None
                l = "$ORIGIN " + self.origin.to_text()
                l_b = l.encode(file_enc)
                try:
                    f.write(l_b)
                    f.write(nl_b)
                except TypeError:  # textual mode
                    f.write(l)
                    f.write(nl)

            if sorted:
                names = list(self.keys())
                names.sort()
            else:
                names = self.keys()
            for n in names:
                l = self[n].to_text(
                    n,
                    origin=self.origin,
                    relativize=relativize,
                    want_comments=want_comments,
                )
                l_b = l.encode(file_enc)

                try:
                    f.write(l_b)
                    f.write(nl_b)
                except TypeError:  # textual mode
                    f.write(l)
                    f.write(nl)

    def to_text(
        self,
        sorted: bool = True,
        relativize: bool = True,
        nl: Optional[str] = None,
        want_comments: bool = False,
        want_origin: bool = False,
    ) -> str:
        """Return a zone's text as though it were written to a file.

        *sorted*, a ``bool``.  If True, the default, then the file
        will be written with the names sorted in DNSSEC order from
        least to greatest.  Otherwise the names will be written in
        whatever order they happen to have in the zone's dictionary.

        *relativize*, a ``bool``.  If True, the default, then domain
        names in the output will be relativized to the zone's origin
        if possible.

        *nl*, a ``str`` or None.  The end of line string.  If not
        ``None``, the output will use the platform's native
        end-of-line marker (i.e. LF on POSIX, CRLF on Windows).

        *want_comments*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, emit end-of-line comments
        as part of writing the file.  If ``False``, the default, do not
        emit them.

        *want_origin*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, emit a $ORIGIN line at
        the start of the output.  If ``False``, the default, do not emit
        one.

        Returns a ``str``.
        """
        temp_buffer = io.StringIO()
        self.to_file(temp_buffer, sorted, relativize, nl, want_comments, want_origin)
        return_value = temp_buffer.getvalue()
        temp_buffer.close()
        return return_value

    def check_origin(self) -> None:
        """Do some simple checking of the zone's origin.

        Raises ``dns.zone.NoSOA`` if there is no SOA RRset.

        Raises ``dns.zone.NoNS`` if there is no NS RRset.

        Raises ``KeyError`` if there is no origin node.
        """
        if self.relativize:
            name = dns.name.empty
        else:
            assert self.origin is not None
            name = self.origin
        if self.get_rdataset(name, dns.rdatatype.SOA) is None:
            raise NoSOA
        if self.get_rdataset(name, dns.rdatatype.NS) is None:
            raise NoNS

    def get_soa(
        self, txn: Optional[dns.transaction.Transaction] = None
    ) -> dns.rdtypes.ANY.SOA.SOA:
        """Get the zone SOA rdata.

        Raises ``dns.zone.NoSOA`` if there is no SOA RRset.

        Returns a ``dns.rdtypes.ANY.SOA.SOA`` Rdata.
        """
        if self.relativize:
            origin_name = dns.name.empty
        else:
            if self.origin is None:
                # get_soa() has been called very early, and there must not be
                # an SOA if there is no origin.
                raise NoSOA
            origin_name = self.origin
        soa: Optional[dns.rdataset.Rdataset]
        if txn:
            soa = txn.get(origin_name, dns.rdatatype.SOA)
        else:
            soa = self.get_rdataset(origin_name, dns.rdatatype.SOA)
        if soa is None:
            raise NoSOA
        return soa[0]

    def _compute_digest(
        self,
        hash_algorithm: DigestHashAlgorithm,
        scheme: DigestScheme = DigestScheme.SIMPLE,
    ) -> bytes:
        hashinfo = _digest_hashers.get(hash_algorithm)
        if not hashinfo:
            raise UnsupportedDigestHashAlgorithm
        if scheme != DigestScheme.SIMPLE:
            raise UnsupportedDigestScheme

        if self.relativize:
            origin_name = dns.name.empty
        else:
            assert self.origin is not None
            origin_name = self.origin
        hasher = hashinfo()
        for name, node in sorted(self.items()):
            rrnamebuf = name.to_digestable(self.origin)
            for rdataset in sorted(node, key=lambda rds: (rds.rdtype, rds.covers)):
                if name == origin_name and dns.rdatatype.ZONEMD in (
                    rdataset.rdtype,
                    rdataset.covers,
                ):
                    continue
                rrfixed = struct.pack(
                    "!HHI", rdataset.rdtype, rdataset.rdclass, rdataset.ttl
                )
                rdatas = [rdata.to_digestable(self.origin) for rdata in rdataset]
                for rdata in sorted(rdatas):
                    rrlen = struct.pack("!H", len(rdata))
                    hasher.update(rrnamebuf + rrfixed + rrlen + rdata)
        return hasher.digest()

    def compute_digest(
        self,
        hash_algorithm: DigestHashAlgorithm,
        scheme: DigestScheme = DigestScheme.SIMPLE,
    ) -> dns.rdtypes.ANY.ZONEMD.ZONEMD:
        serial = self.get_soa().serial
        digest = self._compute_digest(hash_algorithm, scheme)
        return dns.rdtypes.ANY.ZONEMD.ZONEMD(
            self.rdclass, dns.rdatatype.ZONEMD, serial, scheme, hash_algorithm, digest
        )

    def verify_digest(
        self, zonemd: Optional[dns.rdtypes.ANY.ZONEMD.ZONEMD] = None
    ) -> None:
        digests: Union[dns.rdataset.Rdataset, List[dns.rdtypes.ANY.ZONEMD.ZONEMD]]
        if zonemd:
            digests = [zonemd]
        else:
            assert self.origin is not None
            rds = self.get_rdataset(self.origin, dns.rdatatype.ZONEMD)
            if rds is None:
                raise NoDigest
            digests = rds
        for digest in digests:
            try:
                computed = self._compute_digest(digest.hash_algorithm, digest.scheme)
                if computed == digest.digest:
                    return
            except Exception:
                pass
        raise DigestVerificationFailure

    # TransactionManager methods

    def reader(self) -> "Transaction":
        return Transaction(self, False, Version(self, 1, self.nodes, self.origin))

    def writer(self, replacement: bool = False) -> "Transaction":
        txn = Transaction(self, replacement)
        txn._setup_version()
        return txn

    def origin_information(
        self,
    ) -> Tuple[Optional[dns.name.Name], bool, Optional[dns.name.Name]]:
        effective: Optional[dns.name.Name]
        if self.relativize:
            effective = dns.name.empty
        else:
            effective = self.origin
        return (self.origin, self.relativize, effective)

    def get_class(self):
        return self.rdclass

    # Transaction methods

    def _end_read(self, txn):
        pass

    def _end_write(self, txn):
        pass

    def _commit_version(self, _, version, origin):
        self.nodes = version.nodes
        if self.origin is None:
            self.origin = origin

    def _get_next_version_id(self):
        # Versions are ephemeral and all have id 1
        return 1


# These classes used to be in dns.versioned, but have moved here so we can use
# the copy-on-write transaction mechanism for both kinds of zones.  In a
# regular zone, the version only exists during the transaction, and the nodes
# are regular dns.node.Nodes.

# A node with a version id.


class VersionedNode(dns.node.Node):  # lgtm[py/missing-equals]
    __slots__ = ["id"]

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        # A proper id will get set by the Version
        self.id = 0


@dns.immutable.immutable
class ImmutableVersionedNode(VersionedNode):
    def __init__(self, node):
        super().__init__()
        self.id = node.id
        self.rdatasets = tuple(
            [dns.rdataset.ImmutableRdataset(rds) for rds in node.rdatasets]
        )

    def find_rdataset(
        self,
        rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass,
        rdtype: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
        covers: dns.rdatatype.RdataType = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
        create: bool = False,
    ) -> dns.rdataset.Rdataset:
        if create:
            raise TypeError("immutable")
        return super().find_rdataset(rdclass, rdtype, covers, False)

    def get_rdataset(
        self,
        rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass,
        rdtype: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
        covers: dns.rdatatype.RdataType = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
        create: bool = False,
    ) -> Optional[dns.rdataset.Rdataset]:
        if create:
            raise TypeError("immutable")
        return super().get_rdataset(rdclass, rdtype, covers, False)

    def delete_rdataset(
        self,
        rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass,
        rdtype: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
        covers: dns.rdatatype.RdataType = dns.rdatatype.NONE,
    ) -> None:
        raise TypeError("immutable")

    def replace_rdataset(self, replacement: dns.rdataset.Rdataset) -> None:
        raise TypeError("immutable")

    def is_immutable(self) -> bool:
        return True


class Version:
    def __init__(
        self,
        zone: Zone,
        id: int,
        nodes: Optional[MutableMapping[dns.name.Name, dns.node.Node]] = None,
        origin: Optional[dns.name.Name] = None,
    ):
        self.zone = zone
        self.id = id
        if nodes is not None:
            self.nodes = nodes
        else:
            self.nodes = zone.map_factory()
        self.origin = origin

    def _validate_name(self, name: dns.name.Name) -> dns.name.Name:
        return _validate_name(name, self.origin, self.zone.relativize)

    def get_node(self, name: dns.name.Name) -> Optional[dns.node.Node]:
        name = self._validate_name(name)
        return self.nodes.get(name)

    def get_rdataset(
        self,
        name: dns.name.Name,
        rdtype: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
        covers: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
    ) -> Optional[dns.rdataset.Rdataset]:
        node = self.get_node(name)
        if node is None:
            return None
        return node.get_rdataset(self.zone.rdclass, rdtype, covers)

    def keys(self):
        return self.nodes.keys()

    def items(self):
        return self.nodes.items()


class WritableVersion(Version):
    def __init__(self, zone: Zone, replacement: bool = False):
        # The zone._versions_lock must be held by our caller in a versioned
        # zone.
        id = zone._get_next_version_id()
        super().__init__(zone, id)
        if not replacement:
            # We copy the map, because that gives us a simple and thread-safe
            # way of doing versions, and we have a garbage collector to help
            # us.  We only make new node objects if we actually change the
            # node.
            self.nodes.update(zone.nodes)
        # We have to copy the zone origin as it may be None in the first
        # version, and we don't want to mutate the zone until we commit.
        self.origin = zone.origin
        self.changed: Set[dns.name.Name] = set()

    def _maybe_cow(self, name: dns.name.Name) -> dns.node.Node:
        name = self._validate_name(name)
        node = self.nodes.get(name)
        if node is None or name not in self.changed:
            new_node = self.zone.node_factory()
            if hasattr(new_node, "id"):
                # We keep doing this for backwards compatibility, as earlier
                # code used new_node.id != self.id for the "do we need to CoW?"
                # test.  Now we use the changed set as this works with both
                # regular zones and versioned zones.
                #
                # We ignore the mypy error as this is safe but it doesn't see it.
                new_node.id = self.id  # type: ignore
            if node is not None:
                # moo!  copy on write!
                new_node.rdatasets.extend(node.rdatasets)
            self.nodes[name] = new_node
            self.changed.add(name)
            return new_node
        else:
            return node

    def delete_node(self, name: dns.name.Name) -> None:
        name = self._validate_name(name)
        if name in self.nodes:
            del self.nodes[name]
            self.changed.add(name)

    def put_rdataset(
        self, name: dns.name.Name, rdataset: dns.rdataset.Rdataset
    ) -> None:
        node = self._maybe_cow(name)
        node.replace_rdataset(rdataset)

    def delete_rdataset(
        self,
        name: dns.name.Name,
        rdtype: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
        covers: dns.rdatatype.RdataType,
    ) -> None:
        node = self._maybe_cow(name)
        node.delete_rdataset(self.zone.rdclass, rdtype, covers)
        if len(node) == 0:
            del self.nodes[name]


@dns.immutable.immutable
class ImmutableVersion(Version):
    def __init__(self, version: WritableVersion):
        # We tell super() that it's a replacement as we don't want it
        # to copy the nodes, as we're about to do that with an
        # immutable Dict.
        super().__init__(version.zone, True)
        # set the right id!
        self.id = version.id
        # keep the origin
        self.origin = version.origin
        # Make changed nodes immutable
        for name in version.changed:
            node = version.nodes.get(name)
            # it might not exist if we deleted it in the version
            if node:
                version.nodes[name] = ImmutableVersionedNode(node)
        # We're changing the type of the nodes dictionary here on purpose, so
        # we ignore the mypy error.
        self.nodes = dns.immutable.Dict(
            version.nodes, True, self.zone.map_factory
        )  # type: ignore


class Transaction(dns.transaction.Transaction):
    def __init__(self, zone, replacement, version=None, make_immutable=False):
        read_only = version is not None
        super().__init__(zone, replacement, read_only)
        self.version = version
        self.make_immutable = make_immutable

    @property
    def zone(self):
        return self.manager

    def _setup_version(self):
        assert self.version is None
        factory = self.manager.writable_version_factory
        if factory is None:
            factory = WritableVersion
        self.version = factory(self.zone, self.replacement)

    def _get_rdataset(self, name, rdtype, covers):
        return self.version.get_rdataset(name, rdtype, covers)

    def _put_rdataset(self, name, rdataset):
        assert not self.read_only
        self.version.put_rdataset(name, rdataset)

    def _delete_name(self, name):
        assert not self.read_only
        self.version.delete_node(name)

    def _delete_rdataset(self, name, rdtype, covers):
        assert not self.read_only
        self.version.delete_rdataset(name, rdtype, covers)

    def _name_exists(self, name):
        return self.version.get_node(name) is not None

    def _changed(self):
        if self.read_only:
            return False
        else:
            return len(self.version.changed) > 0

    def _end_transaction(self, commit):
        if self.read_only:
            self.zone._end_read(self)
        elif commit and len(self.version.changed) > 0:
            if self.make_immutable:
                factory = self.manager.immutable_version_factory
                if factory is None:
                    factory = ImmutableVersion
                version = factory(self.version)
            else:
                version = self.version
            self.zone._commit_version(self, version, self.version.origin)
        else:
            # rollback
            self.zone._end_write(self)

    def _set_origin(self, origin):
        if self.version.origin is None:
            self.version.origin = origin

    def _iterate_rdatasets(self):
        for name, node in self.version.items():
            for rdataset in node:
                yield (name, rdataset)

    def _iterate_names(self):
        return self.version.keys()

    def _get_node(self, name):
        return self.version.get_node(name)

    def _origin_information(self):
        (absolute, relativize, effective) = self.manager.origin_information()
        if absolute is None and self.version.origin is not None:
            # No origin has been committed yet, but we've learned one as part of
            # this txn.  Use it.
            absolute = self.version.origin
            if relativize:
                effective = dns.name.empty
            else:
                effective = absolute
        return (absolute, relativize, effective)


def _from_text(
    text: Any,
    origin: Optional[Union[dns.name.Name, str]] = None,
    rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass = dns.rdataclass.IN,
    relativize: bool = True,
    zone_factory: Any = Zone,
    filename: Optional[str] = None,
    allow_include: bool = False,
    check_origin: bool = True,
    idna_codec: Optional[dns.name.IDNACodec] = None,
    allow_directives: Union[bool, Iterable[str]] = True,
) -> Zone:
    # See the comments for the public APIs from_text() and from_file() for
    # details.

    # 'text' can also be a file, but we don't publish that fact
    # since it's an implementation detail.  The official file
    # interface is from_file().

    if filename is None:
        filename = "<string>"
    zone = zone_factory(origin, rdclass, relativize=relativize)
    with zone.writer(True) as txn:
        tok = dns.tokenizer.Tokenizer(text, filename, idna_codec=idna_codec)
        reader = dns.zonefile.Reader(
            tok,
            rdclass,
            txn,
            allow_include=allow_include,
            allow_directives=allow_directives,
        )
        try:
            reader.read()
        except dns.zonefile.UnknownOrigin:
            # for backwards compatibility
            raise dns.zone.UnknownOrigin
    # Now that we're done reading, do some basic checking of the zone.
    if check_origin:
        zone.check_origin()
    return zone


def from_text(
    text: str,
    origin: Optional[Union[dns.name.Name, str]] = None,
    rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass = dns.rdataclass.IN,
    relativize: bool = True,
    zone_factory: Any = Zone,
    filename: Optional[str] = None,
    allow_include: bool = False,
    check_origin: bool = True,
    idna_codec: Optional[dns.name.IDNACodec] = None,
    allow_directives: Union[bool, Iterable[str]] = True,
) -> Zone:
    """Build a zone object from a zone file format string.

    *text*, a ``str``, the zone file format input.

    *origin*, a ``dns.name.Name``, a ``str``, or ``None``.  The origin
    of the zone; if not specified, the first ``$ORIGIN`` statement in the
    zone file will determine the origin of the zone.

    *rdclass*, a ``dns.rdataclass.RdataClass``, the zone's rdata class; the default is
    class IN.

    *relativize*, a ``bool``, determine's whether domain names are
    relativized to the zone's origin.  The default is ``True``.

    *zone_factory*, the zone factory to use or ``None``.  If ``None``, then
    ``dns.zone.Zone`` will be used.  The value may be any class or callable
    that returns a subclass of ``dns.zone.Zone``.

    *filename*, a ``str`` or ``None``, the filename to emit when
    describing where an error occurred; the default is ``'<string>'``.

    *allow_include*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, the default, then ``$INCLUDE``
    directives are permitted.  If ``False``, then encoutering a ``$INCLUDE``
    will raise a ``SyntaxError`` exception.

    *check_origin*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, the default, then sanity
    checks of the origin node will be made by calling the zone's
    ``check_origin()`` method.

    *idna_codec*, a ``dns.name.IDNACodec``, specifies the IDNA
    encoder/decoder.  If ``None``, the default IDNA 2003 encoder/decoder
    is used.

    *allow_directives*, a ``bool`` or an iterable of `str`.  If ``True``, the default,
    then directives are permitted, and the *allow_include* parameter controls whether
    ``$INCLUDE`` is permitted.  If ``False`` or an empty iterable, then no directive
    processing is done and any directive-like text will be treated as a regular owner
    name.  If a non-empty iterable, then only the listed directives (including the
    ``$``) are allowed.

    Raises ``dns.zone.NoSOA`` if there is no SOA RRset.

    Raises ``dns.zone.NoNS`` if there is no NS RRset.

    Raises ``KeyError`` if there is no origin node.

    Returns a subclass of ``dns.zone.Zone``.
    """
    return _from_text(
        text,
        origin,
        rdclass,
        relativize,
        zone_factory,
        filename,
        allow_include,
        check_origin,
        idna_codec,
        allow_directives,
    )


def from_file(
    f: Any,
    origin: Optional[Union[dns.name.Name, str]] = None,
    rdclass: dns.rdataclass.RdataClass = dns.rdataclass.IN,
    relativize: bool = True,
    zone_factory: Any = Zone,
    filename: Optional[str] = None,
    allow_include: bool = True,
    check_origin: bool = True,
    idna_codec: Optional[dns.name.IDNACodec] = None,
    allow_directives: Union[bool, Iterable[str]] = True,
) -> Zone:
    """Read a zone file and build a zone object.

    *f*, a file or ``str``.  If *f* is a string, it is treated
    as the name of a file to open.

    *origin*, a ``dns.name.Name``, a ``str``, or ``None``.  The origin
    of the zone; if not specified, the first ``$ORIGIN`` statement in the
    zone file will determine the origin of the zone.

    *rdclass*, an ``int``, the zone's rdata class; the default is class IN.

    *relativize*, a ``bool``, determine's whether domain names are
    relativized to the zone's origin.  The default is ``True``.

    *zone_factory*, the zone factory to use or ``None``.  If ``None``, then
    ``dns.zone.Zone`` will be used.  The value may be any class or callable
    that returns a subclass of ``dns.zone.Zone``.

    *filename*, a ``str`` or ``None``, the filename to emit when
    describing where an error occurred; the default is ``'<string>'``.

    *allow_include*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, the default, then ``$INCLUDE``
    directives are permitted.  If ``False``, then encoutering a ``$INCLUDE``
    will raise a ``SyntaxError`` exception.

    *check_origin*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, the default, then sanity
    checks of the origin node will be made by calling the zone's
    ``check_origin()`` method.

    *idna_codec*, a ``dns.name.IDNACodec``, specifies the IDNA
    encoder/decoder.  If ``None``, the default IDNA 2003 encoder/decoder
    is used.

    *allow_directives*, a ``bool`` or an iterable of `str`.  If ``True``, the default,
    then directives are permitted, and the *allow_include* parameter controls whether
    ``$INCLUDE`` is permitted.  If ``False`` or an empty iterable, then no directive
    processing is done and any directive-like text will be treated as a regular owner
    name.  If a non-empty iterable, then only the listed directives (including the
    ``$``) are allowed.

    Raises ``dns.zone.NoSOA`` if there is no SOA RRset.

    Raises ``dns.zone.NoNS`` if there is no NS RRset.

    Raises ``KeyError`` if there is no origin node.

    Returns a subclass of ``dns.zone.Zone``.
    """

    if isinstance(f, str):
        if filename is None:
            filename = f
        cm: contextlib.AbstractContextManager = open(f)
    else:
        cm = contextlib.nullcontext(f)
    with cm as f:
        return _from_text(
            f,
            origin,
            rdclass,
            relativize,
            zone_factory,
            filename,
            allow_include,
            check_origin,
            idna_codec,
            allow_directives,
        )
    assert False  # make mypy happy  lgtm[py/unreachable-statement]


def from_xfr(
    xfr: Any,
    zone_factory: Any = Zone,
    relativize: bool = True,
    check_origin: bool = True,
) -> Zone:
    """Convert the output of a zone transfer generator into a zone object.

    *xfr*, a generator of ``dns.message.Message`` objects, typically
    ``dns.query.xfr()``.

    *relativize*, a ``bool``, determine's whether domain names are
    relativized to the zone's origin.  The default is ``True``.
    It is essential that the relativize setting matches the one specified
    to the generator.

    *check_origin*, a ``bool``.  If ``True``, the default, then sanity
    checks of the origin node will be made by calling the zone's
    ``check_origin()`` method.

    Raises ``dns.zone.NoSOA`` if there is no SOA RRset.

    Raises ``dns.zone.NoNS`` if there is no NS RRset.

    Raises ``KeyError`` if there is no origin node.

    Raises ``ValueError`` if no messages are yielded by the generator.

    Returns a subclass of ``dns.zone.Zone``.
    """

    z = None
    for r in xfr:
        if z is None:
            if relativize:
                origin = r.origin
            else:
                origin = r.answer[0].name
            rdclass = r.answer[0].rdclass
            z = zone_factory(origin, rdclass, relativize=relativize)
        for rrset in r.answer:
            znode = z.nodes.get(rrset.name)
            if not znode:
                znode = z.node_factory()
                z.nodes[rrset.name] = znode
            zrds = znode.find_rdataset(rrset.rdclass, rrset.rdtype, rrset.covers, True)
            zrds.update_ttl(rrset.ttl)
            for rd in rrset:
                zrds.add(rd)
    if z is None:
        raise ValueError("empty transfer")
    if check_origin:
        z.check_origin()
    return z